商业银行行业风险敞口与商业银行绩效

商业银行的行业风险敞口与商业银行绩效密切相关。中国数据实证分析表明,银行财务报表中会计占比较大的行业并非是市场认为的银行风险敞口最大的行业;股份制商业银行对各行业风险敞口较高。整体上商业银行对各行业的风险敞口对商业银行股票波动率、收益率和市值与账面价值之比具有显著影响,但行业风险敞口对银行系统性风险贡献度的影响不显著。     

Reduction of Value-at-Risk bounds via independence and variance information

We derive lower and upper bounds for the Value-at-Risk of a portfolio of losses when the marginal distributions are known and independence among (some) subgroups of the marginal components is assumed. We provide several actuarial examples showing that the newly proposed bounds strongly improve those available in the literature that are based on the sole knowledge of the marginal distributions. When the variance of the joint portfolio loss is small enough, further improvements can be obtained.     

沪深股市风险度量中半参数ES模型的实证检验

目前度量预期不足(Expected Shortfall, ES)的风险技术大多基于参数模型,其建模过程避免不了对收益的分布类型做出假定,但这些分布往往与现实相悖。为此,介绍两种重要半参数模型,即CARE模型和CARES模型,并应用我国2007-2016年上证综合指数与深证成分指数的相关数据评估模型优劣。结果表明：CARES模型与CARE模型在度量我国股市风险中都具有较好的效果,但两者比较,CARES模型明显优于CARE模型。因此,CARES模型能作为我国股市风险度量工具中的一个重要补充。     

对国有商业银行债权保护不足的信贷博弈分析

中国经济体制改革的初始禀赋决定了金融体制改革的进程,出于国家控制金融收益目的,国有银行在经历不同于国有企业产权结构的调整过程中,积累了巨额金融风险.本文比较了贷款人和借款人在不同法律及法律执行力约束下截然不同的博弈结果;分析在法律不完备环境下国有企业向国有银行借贷过程中存在故意逃债的道德风险激励行为;并认为新<破产法>中也存在一些模糊权利界定,对债权人权益保护不利.     

Deposit Insurance, Capital Regulations, and Financial Contagion in Multinational Banks

Abstract:  Banking sector globalization has caused an expansion in foreign-owned bank assets. In this paper we analyse the effects of a MNB's liability structure upon its investment in a foreign country. We develop a model in which capital adequacy requirements introduce some deliberate underinvestment which counters deposit insurance-induced overinvestment. Diversification is unattractive with fixed bank capital requirements, because it reduces the expected value of the deposit insurance net. This effect applies in multinational banks (MNBs), where shocks to the home country economy alter the value of the deposit insurance net and hence affect overseas lending incentives. Thus, MNBs act as a channel for financial contagion. We discuss the policy implications of our results.     

The Effect of Shortfall as a Risk Measure for Portfolios with Hedge Funds

Abstract:  Current research suggests that the large downside risk in hedge fund returns disqualifies the variance as an appropriate risk measure. For example, one can easily construct portfolios with nonlinear pay-offs that have both a high Sharpe ratio and a high downside risk. This paper examines the consequences of shortfall-based risk measures in the context of portfolio optimization. In contrast to popular belief, we show that negative skewness for optimal mean-shortfall portfolios can be much greater than for mean-variance portfolios. Using empirical hedge fund return data we show that the optimal mean-shortfall portfolio substantially reduces the probability of small shortfalls at the expense of an increased extreme crash probability. We explain this by proving analytically under what conditions short-put payoffs are optimal for a mean-shortfall investor. Finally, we show that quadratic shortfall or semivariance is less prone to these problems. This suggests that the precise choice of the downside risk measure is highly relevant for optimal portfolio construction under loss averse preferences.     

中国上市银行系统性风险度量——基于MES方法的分析

运用边际预期损失(MES)方法,通过DCC-GARCH模型和非参数估计计算我国14家上市银行的边际预期损失,并结合资产规模和杠杆率等因素度量各上市银行的系统性风险。研究结果表明,虽然资产规模、杠杆率和边际期望损失都是决定系统性风险的重要因素,但我国上市银行的系统性风险总体表现为:规模越大的银行,系统性风险也越大,即大型商业银行的系统性风险最大,股份制商业银行次之,城市商业银行的系统性风险最小。此外,三类商业银行的系统性风险随时间呈不同的变化趋势。     

基于动态Copula-CoVaR模型的影子银行风险溢出效应研究

依据2007-2017年中国金融市场运行数据,构建动态Copula-CoVaR模型,考量影子银行风险溢出效应。结果表明：影子银行与传统金融市场存在双向净风险溢出效应,随着时间的推移,溢出效应在逐渐增大;极端风险溢出效应存在不对称特征,影子银行对传统金融市场的冲击较大,且这种冲击具有滞后效应。鉴此,监管部门应夯实金融体系运行基础,创新影子银行监管工具,完善其协调监管模式。     

Asian equity markets: growth,opportunities, and challenges

Asian equity markets have grown significantly in size since the early 1990s, driven by strong international investor inflows, growing regional financial integration, capital account liberalization, and structural improvements to markets. The development of equity markets provides a more diversified set of channels for financial intermediation to support growth, thus bolstering medium-term financial stability. At the same time, as highlighted by the May–June 2006 market corrections, the increasing role of stock markets potentially changes the nature of macroeconomic and financial stability risks, as well as the policy requirements for dealing with these risks.     

The Impact of the 2007 Liquidity Shock on Bank Jumbo Mortgage Lending

This paper explores the consequences of the collapse of the private‐label residential mortgage‐backed securities market in 2007 on banks’ originations of jumbo mortgages. We show that jumbo lending declined by more at banks that were more dependent on this market and were less well capitalized. In contrast, banks that had little dependence on this market and were well capitalized increased jumbo originations. These findings highlight how dependence on the secondary market may cause amplification of financial shocks, and the potential value of capital requirements that are higher during periods of economic growth in mitigating the amplification effects.     

Nonparametric Estimation of Expected Shortfall

The expected shortfall is an increasingly popular risk measurein financial risk management and it possesses the desired sub-additivityproperty, which is lacking for the value at risk (VaR). We considertwo nonparametric expected shortfall estimators for dependentfinancial losses. One is a sample average of excessive losseslarger than a VaR. The other is a kernel smoothed version ofthe first estimator (Scaillet, 2004 Mathematical Finance), hopingthat more accurate estimation can be achieved by smoothing.Our analysis reveals that the extra kernel smoothing does notproduce more accurate estimation of the shortfall. This is differentfrom the estimation of the VaR where smoothing has been shownto produce reduction in both the variance and the mean squareerror of estimation. Therefore, the simpler ES estimator basedon the sample average of excessive losses is attractive forthe shortfall estimation.     

Assessing the contribution of banks,insurance and other financial services to systemic risk

The aim of this paper is to contribute to the debate on systemic risk by assessing the extent to which distress within the main different financial sectors, namely, the banking, insurance and other financial services industries contribute to systemic risk. To this end, we rely on the $\mathrm{\Delta }\mathit{CoVaR}$ systemic risk measure introduced by Adrian and Brunnermeier (2011). In order to provide a formal ranking of the financial sectors with respect to their contribution to systemic risk, the original $\mathrm{\Delta }\mathit{CoVaR}$ approach is extended here to include the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test developed by Abadie (2002), based on bootstrapping. Our empirical results reveal that in the Eurozone, for the period ranging from 2004 to 2012, the other financial services sector contributes relatively the most to systemic risk at times of distress affecting this sector. In turn, the banking sector appears to contribute more to systemic risk than the insurance sector. By contrast, the insurance industry is the systemically riskiest financial sector in the United States for the same period, while the banking sector contributes the least to systemic risk in this area. Beyond this ranking, the three financial sectors of interest are found to contribute significantly to systemic risk, both in the Eurozone and in the United States.     

Theories of bank behavior under capital regulation

This paper reviews academic studies of bank capital regulation in an effort to evaluate the intellectual foundation for the imposition of the Basel I and Basel II systems of risk-based capital requirements. The theoretical literature yields general agreement about the immediate effects of capital requirements on bank lending and loan rates and the longer-term impacts on bank ratios of equity to total or risk-adjusted assets. This literature produces highly mixed predictions, however, regarding the effects of capital regulation on asset risk and overall safety and soundness for the banking system as a whole. Thus, the intellectual foundation for the present capital-regulation regime is not particularly strong. The mixed conclusions in the academic literature on banking certainly do not provide unqualified support for moving to an even more stringent and costly system of capital requirements. These widely ambiguous results do suggest, however, that assessing the implications of capital regulation for balance-sheet risk and monitoring effort in diverse banking systems is an important agenda for future theoretical research in the banking area.     

An Alternative View on Regulatory Distortions in a Competitive Financial Services Industry

We present an alternative view on regulatory distortions in the banking industry. We use the duopoly model developed by Boot, Dezelan, and Milbourn (BDM, 2000), where a bank with low monitoring costs faces a bank with high monitoring costs. We show that when the initial level of the capital requirement is low, an increase of the minimum ratio between capital and total assets causes a higher decrease in profits at the bad bank than at the good bank. This finding contrasts with BDM's theorem 1, which predicts that a regulation imposing an identical increase in production costs on both banks will cause a greater loss in profits at the good bank than at the bad bank. We also look at the impact of an increase in the minimum ratio between capital and total assets on the profits of a representative bank in three other competitive environments identified in BDM. We find that the decrease in the representative bank's profit caused by an increase in the capital requirement is larger when the bank faces competition from an unregulated firm than when it faces a regulated competitor or no competitor at all. This result is consistent with BDM's theorem 2.