Bank loan supply and monetary policy transmission in Germany: An assessment based on matching impulse responses

This paper addresses the credit channel in Germany by using aggregate data. We present a stylized model of the banking firm in which banks decide on their loan supply in the light of expectations about the future course of monetary policy. Applying a VAR model, we estimate the response of bank loans to a monetary policy shock taking account of the reaction of the output level and the loan rate. We estimate our model to evaluate the response of bank loans by matching the theoretical impulse responses with the empirical impulse responses to a monetary policy shock. Evidence in support of the credit channel can be reported.     

Liquidity Risk,Bank Networks,and the Value of Joining the Federal Reserve System

Reducing systemic liquidity risk related to seasonal loan demand was one reason for founding the Federal Reserve System. Nevertheless, less than 8% of state‐chartered banks joined the Fed in its first decade. Banks facing high liquidity risk from seasonal loan demand were more likely to join the Fed in its first decade. We also find evidence consistent with the notion that banks could obtain some indirect access to the discount window through interbank transfers. Some banks apparently joined the Fed to pass through discount window liquidity to other banks via the interbank network.  Joining the Fed increased member banks’ lending.     

亚行向合作银行贷款，小额信贷将惠及农村贫困人口

亚洲开发银行（以下简称：亚行）将向其合作银行提供1．3亿人民币的贷款,帮助它们建设向小额贷款公司（MCCS）发放批发贷款的能力,从而使中国中西部地区的企业家、小型和微型企业业主以及贫困户能够享受到金融服务。     

The reaction of international stock markets to Federal Reserve policy

This paper investigates how changes in Federal Reserve policy impact international stock returns, with the three objectives of measuring the reaction of international stock markets, understanding the transmission channels of that reaction, and explaining the economic sources of that reaction. We find that unanticipated Federal Reserve policy actions exert a significant and robust influence on international stock prices. However, the influence of unanticipated monetary policy actions is not strong enough to change the correlation structure of international equity returns. We also find that international stock return co-movements play an important role in the transmission of monetary policy. Finally, the variance decomposition analysis indicates that the effects of monetary policy surprises on future excess returns or dividend returns account for the largest portion of the equity price response.     

Reaction of Bank Stock Prices to Loan-Loss Reserve Announcements

Significant own and contagious stock-price effects of bank LLR announcements exist despite the fact that these accounting adjustments have no concurrent cash-flow implications. Consistent with expected information effects, negative abnormal returns surrounding LLR announcements tend to be much more important in the case of regional as opposed to money-center banks. Accounting measures of bank soundness, and possibly regulatory pressure, appear to influence the market's assessment of LLR information for both announcing and nonannouncing banks.     

What Explains the Stock Market's Reaction to Federal Reserve Policy?

This paper analyzes the impact of changes in monetary policy on equity prices, with the objectives of both measuring the average reaction of the stock market and understanding the economic sources of that reaction. We find that, on average, a hypothetical unanticipated 25‐basis‐point cut in the Federal funds rate target is associated with about a 1% increase in broad stock indexes. Adapting a methodology due to Campbell and Ammer, we find that the effects of unanticipated monetary policy actions on expected excess returns account for the largest part of the response of stock prices.     

美联储救助次贷危机的创新及对我国央行应对危机的启示

目前，全球金融体系变化的突出特征是金融体系正在由银行主导转向市场主导。这种金融结构的演进导致了金融危机的性质和区域都发生了变化。面对这种变化，关联储在次贷危机的形成过程中没有及时识别系统中的风险，未能阻止危机的爆发。不过在危机爆发后，关联储在传统救助政策的基础上发展了新的政策手段，缓解了金融市场压力。本文通过对关联储救助过程的解读，全面分析其危机管理政策，并结合我国的实际情况，提出对策建议。     

The Eurosystem, the U.S. Federal Reserve, and the Bank of Japan: Similarities and Differences

The paper provides a systematic comparison of the Eurosystem, the U.S. Federal Reserve, and the Bank of Japan. These monetary authorities exhibit somewhat different status and tasks, which reflect different historical conditions and national characteristics. However, widespread changes in central banking practices in the direction of greater independence and increased transparency, as well as changes in the economic and financial environment over the past 15–20 years, have contributed to reduce the differences among these three world's principal monetary authorities. A comparison based on simple "over-the-counter" policy reaction functions shows no striking differences in terms of monetary policy implementation.     

Asymmetric stock price and liquidity responses to changes in the FTSE SmallCap index

We examine market reactions to changes in the FTSE SmallCap index membership, which are determined quarterly based on market capitalization and are free of information effects. Our main results are asymmetric price and liquidity responses between the firms that are shifted between FTSE indexes and the firms that are new to FTSE indexes. Firms promoted from a smaller-cap to a larger-cap FTSE index experience a permanent increase in stock price accompanied by improvements in liquidity. Similarly, firms demoted from a larger-cap to a smaller-cap FTSE index experience a permanent decrease in stock price accompanied by declines in liquidity. In contrast, firms added to the FTSE SmallCap index that were not previously in FTSE indexes show a transitory price gain and declines in liquidity. The results support the liquidity and price pressure hypotheses.     

中央银行介入资产证券化业务及其会计核算规则研究*--以美联储为例

介入资产证券化业务在次贷危机爆发后成为美联储实施非常规货币政策的工具。本文研究美联储介入资产证券化业务的历程、动因、方式和范围,分析美联储对持有资产证券化产品和对特殊目的实体进行会计报表合并的核算规则,指出我国中央银行要研究建立与资产证券化业务相配套的风险监控机制、救助应急机制、市场沟通机制和会计核算机制。     

美联储应对金融危机的货币政策效果评估

美国爆发次贷危机后,为应对危机,美联储实施了以＂信贷宽松＂为特征的货币政策,并创新了一系列政策工具。审视2007年至2009年美联储的货币政策实际效果,应该说是成功的。美国金融市场已经趋于稳定,美国经济正在走出衰退,美联储已开始酝酿宽松货币政策的退出战略。     

Federal Home Loan Bank Lending to Community Banks: Are Targeted Subsidies Desirable?

The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999 amended the lending authority of the Federal Home Loan Banks to include advances secured by small enterprise loans of community financial institutions. Three reasons for the extension of this selective credit subsidy to community banks and thrifts are examined, including the possible need to: subsidize community depository institutions, stabilize the Federal Home Loan Banks, and address a market failure in rural markets for small enterprise loans. We empirically investigate whether funding constraints impact the small-business lending decision by rural community banks. We estimate static and dynamic models of small-business lending by community banks. The data reject the hypothesis that access to increased funds will increase the amount of small-business loans made by community banks.     

Bank lending to targets of active takeover attempts: The simultaneous choice of loan maturity,pricing, and security

I investigate bank loans to takeover targets considering the simultaneous decision of pricing, maturity, collateral, and covenants applying Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). Results are largely in line with the Agency Theory of Covenants (ATC) as pricing for new bank debt is lower given greater collateral and covenant protection, consistent with existing literature on public debt. However, poor performing targets demonstrate a positive relationship between pricing and covenants while bank loans to high performers are consistent with ATC predictions. Finally, loan terms tied to ex post observations of merger outcomes suggest banks possess some knowledge of merger outcomes in advance.     

Potential responses by on-campus university students to a university emergency alert

University campuses across Canada and elsewhere are developing and implementing emergency alert systems to warn campus community members about a variety of threats. In this study, focus group discussions were used to examine how undergraduate students living on campus may respond to an emergency alert. A focus group activity used tornado, fire and threatening message alert messages to provide a context for the focus group discussions. After reading the warning message, most students understood the warning message but there was uncertainty about the non-specified threat and how and where to evacuate. Many would believe a message sent by the university as long as it was sent via a phone number that they associated with the university. Personalization of risk varied, and students reported that they would confirm a warning message with a variety of sources including student colleagues, faculty and teaching staff, television and internet sources. Taking protective action by sheltering in place was deemed to be feasible, however evacuation off campus was found to be problematic. We found that the nature of short message service text messages, the characteristics of universities, and the students’ home being in an on-campus residence influenced how the students may respond to an emergency alert message.