中国制造业发展与世界制造业中心问题研究

本文在描述中国制造业发展趋势、特点和存在问题的基础上,探讨世界工厂、世界制造业基地与世界制造业中心的关系,分析世界制造业中心形成、转移分散的历史进程和国际产业转移的新趋势、新特点,研究中国制造业向世界制造业中心发展的条件和制约因素,以及相应的战略思路和政策措施。     

Designing wartime economic controls: Productivity and firm dynamics in the Japanese cotton spinning industry, 1937–9

In 1937, the Japanese government accelerated the expansion of its military expenditure and began to impose controls on the economy to maintain the balance of international payments. The controls were developed through trial and error. The cotton spinning industry was one of the industries most deeply affected by these controls. Initially, the government simply reduced the allocation of foreign exchange for raw cotton imports. However, because this measure prevented the export of cotton products, especially to countries outside the yen bloc, a new scheme of control, the ‘export–import link system’, was adopted from the second half of 1938. This scheme was intentionally designed to give firms incentives to export to non-yen bloc countries and to incorporate elements of market mechanisms into the system of economic controls. Analysing firm-level data, we find that under the link system, firms with higher labour productivity (LP) tended to grow faster, as occurs under a market economy. This relationship was not observed during the early stage of the controls. This difference is reflected in the pattern of change in aggregate LP. Under the export–import link system, the positive reallocation effect was substantial, similar to a market economy, whereas it was almost zero under the early controls. These findings indicate that the design of controls matters for the performance of controlled economies.     

Growth and Productivity in Singapore Manufacturing Industries: 1975–1998

Consistently defined price and volume relatives are constructed for 18 manufacturing industries under the two-digit industry classifications officially adopted in 1996. Industry-specific output and materials price deflators for the period 1974–1998 are also constructed. Where the comparison is possible, we arrive at a markedly different conclusion from those in Tsao (1982, 1985 ) and Young (1994 ), and narrow the cause to a difference in the choice of output measure. The updated accounts show that the conventional index number measure of total factor productivity growth (TFPG) for Singapore manufacturing is 2.7% per annum for the period 1975–1998, and exhibits a cyclical pattern over time.     

制造业劳动生产率变动、能源资本及消费结构调整能否提升国际竞争力力

以影响制造业国际竞争力因素为视角,对制造业劳动生产率、能源资本和能源消费结构的历史变动情况进行时序分析,选用显性对比优度指数辨析制造业国际竞争力的提升态势。在此基础上,构建VAR模型检验1997-2012年期间制造业劳动生产率、能源资本、煤炭消费和电力消费与国际竞争力之间的协整性,并采用广义脉冲响应、预测方差分解法对各变量之间的动态均衡关系进行实证分析。结果表明,逐步提高以电力为代表的清洁能源比例可有助于制造业国际竞争力的提升,但目前清洁能源对高排放能源的替代效率依然过低;能源价格的波动影响了制造业国际竞争力过程中的稳定性;而劳动生产率过低是抑制其国际竞争力提升的重要瓶颈。     

Efficiency and productivity analyses of Indonesian manufacturing industries

This study estimates the technical efficiencies and total factor productivity (TFP) growths in food, textile, chemical and metal products industries from 1993 to 2000 in Indonesia by using the stochastic frontier model. Furthermore, the determinants of inefficiency are also analyzed and TFP growth is decomposed into technological progress, a scale component, and efficiency growth. The results reveal that the food, textile, chemical and metal products sectors are on average 50.79%, 47.89%, 68.65% and 68.91% technically efficient, respectively. It is noted that ownership contributed to technical inefficiencies in the food sector; location and size contributed to technical inefficiencies in the textile sector, whereas size, ownership and age contributed to inefficiencies in the chemical and metal products sectors. We note that productivity in food, textile, and metal products sectors decreased at the rate of 2.73%, 0.26%, and 1.65%, respectively, but increased at a rate of 0.5% in the chemical sector. The decomposition of TFP growth indicates that the growths are driven positively by technical efficiency changes and negatively by technological progress in all four sectors.     

Productivity of Foreign and Domestic Firms in the Malaysian Manufacturing Industry*

The relative position of total factor productivity (TFP) of both foreign and domestic ?rms in the manufacturing industry in Malaysia is estimated for three‐ and ?ve‐digit level subsectors. It was found that the differences between foreign and domestic ?rms varied widely from sector to sector. However, for the manufacturing industry as a whole, TFP was approximately the same for foreign and domestic ?rms for the period 1994–1996.     

From boom to gloom: Brazilian labour productivity in manufacturing relative to the United States, 1912–2019

Whereas manufacturing seems to hold the key to modern economic growth, the role of manufacturing in economy-wide convergence across countries is debatable. One strand of scholarship argues that productivity levels in manufacturing tend to remain stable across countries, and that economy-wide convergence takes place through structural transformations. Another strand maintains that productivity levels of less-developed countries tend to approach those of developed countries unconditionally, and that deindustrialization thwarts economy-wide convergence. We examine productivity in Brazilian manufacturing relative to the United States, 1912–2019. The result shows dramatic swings in the Brazilian/US productivity ratio, increasing in the decades following the Second World War, peaking in the late 1970s at impressively high levels, and declining precipitously thereafter. This sluggish performance of Brazilian manufacturing since the peak in the late 1970s has probably hindered income convergence with richer countries.     

The New Deal at war: alphabet agencies’ expenditure patterns, 1940-1945

While a multitude of New Deal “relief, recovery, and reform” agencies were created in response to the 1930s economic shock, many of these same agencies were subsumed by the Federal Works Agency and played key national defense roles during the 1940s. We examine the wartime expenditure patterns of these agencies, as well as spending on war supply contracts and war-related industrial facilities, to determine whether Depression-era economic goals were addressed during the Second World War. We find that some specific aspects of the New Deal economic agenda were carried out during the war. Furthermore, wartime spending by the alphabet agencies was significantly correlated with the expenditure patterns of those agencies during the 1930s, suggesting that the transition from economic to military objectives may not have been as pointed as the Roosevelt Administration often asserted.     

高铁建设扩大城市间制造业生产率差距了吗？

基于人力资本质量提升的视角,理论剖析高铁建设作用于制造业生产率的内在机制,进而将空间计量模型与多时点双重差分相结合,从服务供给强度层面实证考察高铁建设如何影响高铁城市之间、高铁城市与非高铁城市之间的制造业生产率差距。研究表明,高铁建设能够显著提升高铁城市的制造业生产率,同时能够影响周边城市的制造业生产率,其空间溢出效应在1.5 小时 -2 小时的通勤时间内相对密集;高铁建设能够扩大高铁城市与非高铁城市之间、高铁城市之间的制造业生产率差距,且制造业生产率增长中的不平等问题在中西部地区、二三线城市和非国有企业中尤为突出;人力资本质量提升是高铁建设实现制造业生产率进步的重要机制;进一步分析表明,工资薪酬对高铁建设所引致的企业人力资本质量提升具有显著的正向调节作用。     

生产性服务业与制造业互动效率的区域比较研究--基于行业市场效率异质的视角

文章通过对区域内生产性服务业与制造业互动效率均衡分析,理论上界定与论证了生产要素在生产性服务业与制造业之间流动性配置的纠偏方向与均衡标准;运用中国工业企业数据库的企业层面数据,结合统计年鉴生产性服务业的同期宏观数据,分区域分行业实证研究发现：东西部区域普遍都存在制造业与生产性服务业整体规模不经济现象、互动效率较低、中部整体投资效率较高,存在较好的互动效果;东部机械制造业、轻工业、化工业、材料业四个行业的市场扭曲程都低于中西部区域;中部区域的机械制造业市场扭曲程度高于东部和西部,轻工业、化工业、材料业的市场扭曲程度都是居中;西部区域的轻工业、化工业、材料业三个行业的市场扭曲程度都是最高的,西部区域的机械制造业市场的扭曲程度高于东部但低于中部,最后分区域提出了对策建议。     

东北地区装备制造业全要素生产率及其影响因素——基于DEA-Tobit两阶段法

采用DEA-malmquist指数方法测算了东北地区装备制造业2005—2020年全要素生产率及其分解效率,并利用混合面板Tobit模型对其影响因素进行了实证检验。研究发现：东北地区装备制造业全要素生产率依靠技术进步的“单轨驱动”,总体达到DEA有效,技术效率抑制了其增长速度;东北地区装备制造业发展存在行业异质性和区域异质性;增加研发投入、提高市场化水平和地区经济发展水平能够提升全要素生产率;随着产业集聚程度的提高、政府财政支出的增多,全要素生产率反而下降;产业规模、城镇化水平与全要素生产率并无直接关联。