旅游目的地"社区参与"的三种典型模式比较研究

本文在分析研究国内外相关文献、理论并实地考察国内许多旅游目的地"社区参与"案例的基础上,从中选取3个典型(案例)的社区参与模式进行了比较分析,试图从实证的角度更深入地探索和解析旅游目的地"社区参与"的内在本质、特点、内容或方式,进而探索和寻求旅游目的地"社区参与"更有效的途径与方式.     

南岭国家森林公园旅游企业主导的社区参与模式研究

社区是生态旅游利益相关者的关键角色之一.本文在有关社区参与生态旅游的理论研究和文献综述的基础上,针对我国生态旅游社区参与的实残,选取具有代表性的南岭国家森林公园为案例,通过对当地社区、旅游企业及政府等相关利益主体及其相互关系的研究,提出了"旅游企业主导的社区参与模式",并探讨了该模式可持续运作的关键环节和优化模式.因子分析的结果进一步表明,社区主人翁意识、公共福利、教育培训机会以及经济收益等,是影响社区参与生态旅游的自主性和可持续性的重要因素.研究结果丰富了生态旅游社区参与的理论,并对我国生态旅游的社区实践具有一定的参考价值.     

遗产旅游与社区参与——以北京慕田峪长城为例

文章以慕田峪长城为案例,探讨了世界遗产地旅游发展与当地社区的关系.自1988年开始发展旅游以来,慕田峪长城已经成为北京著名的长城旅游景区.慕田峪村紧邻旅游区,村民也广泛参与到景区旅游发展当中.通过2008年12月对慕田峪景区经营小商铺的村民进行的问卷调查,文章评估了世界遗产地评定和旅游发展对当地的影响.同时,通过对慕田峪村管理人员的访谈,了解当地遗产保护、旅游管理和社区参与的现状.研究表明,受访者高度认可了世界遗产地评定对旅游和社区发展的促进作用,以及旅游对社区经济和社会文化的积极影响.然而,社区居民也逐渐认识到旅游对环境的一些负面影响.研究结果有助于加深对中国世界遗产地旅游发展和社区参与关系的理解.     

社区参与旅游的权利去哪了?——基于我国旅游法律法规条文的内容分析

文章旨在通过内容分析法梳理与研究我国旅游法律法规条文中社区参与旅游的权利.研究发现,社区参与旅游发展的权利仍未完全得到法律保障,社区参与的主体地位在法律法规层面上尚未确立.主要体现在5个方面:当前旅游法律法规以部门规章为主,法律层级和法律效力较低,适用范围较窄;尚未或者较少在立法宗旨和专门章节或条目上体现社区参与旅游的内容;在保障社区参与的政治权利与经济权利方面尚存不足;在促进当地居民社会增权与心理增权方面仍须完善;部分法律法规重于社区责任和义务的强调而轻于相应权利的赋予.为此,就我国社区参与旅游权利的立法层次、宗旨、内容等方面提出了探索性的建议.     

从“社区参与”走向“社区增权”——西方“旅游增权”理论研究述评

增权是目的地获得可持续发展的重要前提.缺乏关于政治和权力关系的分析,仅将社区参与作为一个经济和技术过程而不是政治过程,是当前社区参与旅游发展在实践中不能取得真正进步的原因.本文对西方增权理论以及旅游研究中有关增权的研究成果进行了介绍和分析,认为旅游增权这一新兴理论的提出必将对未来发展中国家的旅游实践产生深刻的影响.文章剖析了西方旅游研究者仅仅关注于社区增权模式的局限性,提出个人增权先于社区增权的观点,并指出在把增权理论应用于中国的旅游实践时,除了西方学者倡导的信息增权和教育增权外,还需要将增权的范围扩展到"个人权利"的增进和制度增权,通过国家政治制度的建设保障个人权利和社区增权的合法性.     

旅游开发背景下世居少数民族社区边缘化——海南三亚六盘黎族安置区案例

本文运用深度访谈、参与式观察等质性研究方法研究发现,少数民族社区参与旅游发展的意识和能力并不是与生俱来的,而是受到社区传统文化、就业心理、受教育程度等因素的影响和制约.案例社区相对保守的就业心理和落后的受教育水平是其在旅游大开发进程中日益边缘化的重要原因.在没有外来制度干预下,社区就业心理转变争就业能力提高都将是一个缓慢的过程,案例社区在旅游大开发过程中日益边缘化的趋势难以改变."国际旅游岛"发展战略的实施将对海南少数民族社区带来更大的压力和挑战,需要转变过往以"度假酒店+地产+高尔夫"的飞地旅游发展模式,政府应积极引导和扶持以本地少数民族为主体的社区旅游项目,为少数民族社区提供必要的政策支持、技术援助和利益保障机制,使作为利益攸关方的东道社区能够有效获得旅游发展带来的利益.     

郎德苗寨社区旅游:组织演进、制度建构及其增权意义

贵州郞德苗寨是我国民族村寨旅游的典范,其社区主导、全民参与、以工分制为典型特征的运行模式和分配制度,被称为"郎德模式"。在国内外学者积极倡导社区参与旅游发展赋予社区权力的呼声中,郎德人20多年来一直在实践这种理念并取得丰厚的物质、制度和精神成果,这为研究旅游地社区增权模式和路径提供了一个理想的"试验场"。文章在文献研究和多次实地调研的基础上,通过介绍郎德苗寨社区参与旅游发展组织演进与制度建构过程,认为郎德苗寨社区组织演进与制度构建使当地社区在旅游发展背景下实现了经济增权、社会增权、心理增权和政治增权。郎德苗寨社区增权实践表明:旅游发展背景下农民组织化是社区增权的有效路径,制度构建为社区增权提供了有效保障,社区精英作用的有效发挥是社区增权的助推器,政府的有限介入有利于扩大社区增权的边界。     

制度增权:社区参与旅游发展之土地权利变革

社区参与旅游发展失败的原因可以归结为三个方面:权利失败、机会缺失与能力匮乏。对于后两者,研究者们已经开展了广泛的研究。而针对社区居民"无权"和"去权"的权利失败状况,学术界至今缺乏应有的关注。文章以马克思地租理论为起点,结合现代产权理论,通过对典型案例的研究,剖析了我国农村土地产权状态及其决定的旅游开发增值收益分配在理论上和现实中的矛盾性,提出了"吸引物权"这一新型的产权权利,并指出我国农村社区参与权利失败的制度性根源在于集体土地所有权受限制支配、所有权主体"虚位"和吸引物权"缺位",最后,在此基础上提出了推动中国农村社区参与旅游发展的土地权利变革之路。     

权力关系对社区参与旅游发展的影响——以浙江省楠溪江芙蓉村为例

政治结构决定了社区参与旅游发展的前提条件,研究政治结构时社区参与的影响方式是真正实现社区参与的基础工作.文章通过研究浙江省永嘉县境内的楠溪江古村落群发现:当前中国的政治制度在普通乡村旅游社区中的实践形态表明,由于村民的无政治状态,政治制度未能改变村两委与社区利益相脱离的现状;而在乡村社区中,由于权力-利益结构网的存在,大多数村民担心其维权行为会使其社会生存环境恶化,所以,除非生存资源遭受侵犯,否则村民不愿维权;敌此,村两委可以与社区外的其他利益相关者联合,对社区公共利益进行剥夺.由此形成的权力关系造成了社区参与旅游发展的结构性障碍,所以,社区参与的真正实现有赖于这种结构性障碍的消除.     

基于层次分析法的乡村旅游地社区参与状况评价——以北京市平谷区黄松峪乡雕窝村为例

良好的乡村旅游社区参与能够发挥多重功能:延长乡村旅游地作为旅游目的地的生命周期,为其塑造良好的旅游地形象.同时,促使当地居民的经济、生活状况得到提升和改善.因此,良好的社区参与是乡村旅游可持续发展的重要保障.文章以北京市平谷区黄松峪乡雕窝村为例,运用AHP层次分析法将社区参与复杂的内涵进行逐层分析,发挥其定量分析与定性分析相结合的优点,对乡村旅游的社区参与情况进行比较客观的评价,从社区参与的角度为乡村旅游可持续发展提供参考.     

The consequences of forty years of tourism growth

Leisure travel has become a major lifestyle in the United States since World War II. This paper describes the social, economic, and technological changes that have been adopted by the industry and society during three eras of travel evolution. A synoptic view of the development of travel is provided by a review of five travel industry components: transportation, attractions, facilities and services, information, and the consumer. Emphasis is placed on the consequences of the adoption of major social and technological innovations that have impacted this vibrant industry and will continue to do so in the future. The paper concludes with eight observations on the present and future status of leisure travel in the United States.     

Liberation wars and tourism development in Africa : The case of Zambia

Development of Africa's immense tourism potential is severely limited for reasons including lack of capital, distance from the large North American and European markets, the cost of travel to Africa, and Africa's poor image abroad. A key factor contributing to this image problem is political instability. Since World War II, almost all African countries have achieved independence. In several countries, this decolonization process has taken the form of long and often bloody liberation wars. This paper examines the impact of Zimbabwe's protracted liberation war on tourism development in Zambia and suggests that a detailed examination of major internal and external political events associated with the decolonization process in Zimbabwe could provide important perspectives on the obstacles to tourism development in other African countries.     

Towards a geography of tourism

This paper traces the development of geographical interest in tourism during the past half century and examines the range and scope of the geography of tourism. The available literature is reviewed and suggestions are made regarding possible research aveneus and theoretical developments. Six major areas of interest are identified: spatial aspects of supply, spatial aspects of demand, the geography of resorts, patterns of movements and flows, the impact of tourism, and models of tourist space. Through an emphasis on spatial interaction an attempt is made to provide some cohesion and synthesis for this body of knowledge which constitutes the basis of the geography of tourism.     

The rediscovery of America: Elite automobile touring

The automobile has radically changed tourist habits this century. In the first decade it was enthusiastically embraced by a small, wealthy elite. In America this elite “rediscovered” the romantic northeastern scenery painted by the Hudson Valley School of artists. This process is documented both in the general elite tourist literature of the period and in a specific case study from an elite summer colony. In the second decade “mass followed class.” Cheaper automobiles allowed the middle classes to follow the elite tourists of the first decade. The elite began to lose interest in the automobile as something exclusive to them, and turned their attention to the possibilities for touring of aviation.     

The geography of tourism: An introduction

The geography of tourism is limited by a dearth of published research in geographic journals, the relatively few individuals who actively participate in the sub-discipline, and the lack of prestige the subject matter specialty has in geography. Despite these imperfections geographers make important contributions to the study of tourism because of their unique point-of-view. This characteristic perspective is seen in the context of a conceptual frame-of-reference which consists of a matrix based on two trichotomies. An analysis and interpretation of this framework and its application to the nine substantive articles included in the special issue constitute a majority of the article.     

Towards Strategic Intent: Perceptions of disability service provision amongst hotel accommodation managers

The tourism sector globally has become increasingly mindful of how an ageing population is reshaping service provision forms and offerings. This being particularly true of accommodation operations where there is a now a growing recognition of the commercial value for providing market groups with exceptional service. With this in mind, this study sought to ascertain the perceptions of managers in the accommodation sector towards disability service provision with a view to identifying any current service gaps or failings. An inductive, qualitative approach was used with the data collection phase incorporating a series of one on one interviews and a focus group. The in-depth interviews were conducted with 10 managers of hotels deemed to have accessible rooms that complied with the relevant building codes and standards. A focus group comprised 22 managers of hotels located in the Sydney central business district, Australia. Study findings revealed five key themes that had not been previously discussed in the literature. They were: inclusive attitudinal approach; safety; the responsibility of people with a disability to communicate their needs to the hotel; perceptions of accessible rooms by the general public; and operational processes. Related themes that emerged from the data analysis that had previously been aligned with the literature included: legislative responsibility, policy and building codes; disability as a market segment; staff awareness/training; and language, marketing, and promotion information. Implications with respect to management of accessible rooms in the accommodation sector are outlined and further areas of research are proposed.     

The promise of creative/participatory mapping practices for sport and leisure research

This paper provides an introduction to the concept of creative participatory mapping of human–environment relations. It is identified that within human geography, artistic practice and urban design, biomapping and similar community mapping tools and methodologies are increasingly being embraced. However, within sports and leisure research the concept has yet to gain academic attention. Consequently, this paper provides a basis for thinking about how researchers and research participants in the fields of sport and leisure research might benefit if mapping human–environment relations was to be embraced and integrated into research design practices. Referencing recent turns to studying space and affect within sport and leisure studies, mapping is argued to offer innovative methodological opportunities for studying how people relate to and understand the urban environments in which they practice physical activity and leisure forms of embodiment. The paper concludes by arguing that, along with offering up new avenues for conceptual research, mapping human–environment relations, if readily embraced, can go a long way to fostering community engagement in: the identification of (un)safe urban routes for sport/leisure practice (e.g. running, cycling), the development and site identification of health/physical activity initiatives and the design of urban landscapes of sport/leisure.     

Organized Youth Sport and Parenting in Public and Private Spaces

This article examines the connection of organized youth sport to cultural beliefs, values and practices of contemporary parenting ideologies, specifically the idealization of intensive mothering and involved fathering. It explores how parenting ideologies are constructed by the discourses expressed by individuals in their everyday lives through their children's sport participation. Moreover, the analysis of the parental discourse illustrates how parenting goes beyond the home environment and becomes a public act that is observed by other parents, with these observations creating the basis of what is deemed to be a good parent. Emphasis is also placed on the gendered dimensions of meeting the expectations for being a good parent.     

Leisure and the rich today: Veblen's thesis after a century

This paper calls for a revisionist reading of the thesis of the leisure class. Veblen's great work The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899) argued that society is ruled by a leisure class. The primary identifying characteristics of this class are prodigious wealth, voluntary abnegation from pecuniary labour and conspicuous consumption. Veblen's argument suggested the decomposition of the work ethic because the characteristics cultivated by the rich would be emulated by the lower orders. Schor's The Overworked American (1991) work suggests that overwork, not leisure is one of the primary identifying characteristics of postwar culture. The article uses statistical and biographical data on the rich today to provide a counterpoint to Veblen's thesis. It is argued that the rich are not characterized by a rejection of work. On the contrary the richest people in the world typically work longer hours than the average. For these individuals work adopts a play form which probably contrasts sharply with wider social experience. Data on the leisure of Bill Gates, Warren Buffett and Richard Branson is examined to assemble a position on leisure and the rich which contrasts with the Veblen thesis.