The implications of interstate banking for consumers

The purpose of this article is to discuss the implications of interstate banking for consumers. The article describes the current structure of the banking industry, the history of legislation affecting interstate banking, and the expected effects of interstate banking on bank operating costs, availability of local funds, and concentration and competition within local banking markets as well as the anticipated effects on consumers of banking services. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Reform of the Japanese food distribution system: Implications for consumers

Economic and social change in Japan together with foreign pressure, has forced the Japanese government to alter government regulations affecting product distribution in Japan. The most important of these regulations is the Large-Scale Retail Store Law. Changes to this regulation, combined with other developments in the Japanese economy and society, have pressured established retailers, particularly the department stores and mom and pop shops. More supermarkets have been built and discount stores are becoming a force in the retail industry. This paper will discuss these developments and outline possible implications for Japanese consumers.

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Die Reform des japanischen Verteilungssystems für Nahrungsmittel: Implikationen für die Verbraucher

Zusammenfassung Wirtschaftlicher und sozialer Wandel in Japan in Verbindung mit ausländischem Druck haben die japanische Regierung gezwungen, Maßnahmen zur Regulierung der Produktverteilung und des Einzelhandels zu ändern. Änderungen der einschlägigen Gesetzgebung und andere Entwicklungen in der japanischen Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft haben den angestammten Einzelhandel stark in Bedrängnis gebracht, insbesondere die Warenhäuser und die Tante Emma-Läden, von denen es in Japan traditionell viele gibt. Stattdessen sind mehr Supermarktketten und Discountläden entstanden, die sich eine starke Stellung im Einzelhandel erarbeitet haben. Der Beitrag diskutiert diese Entwicklungen und skizziert ihre Bedeutung für die japanischen Konsumenten.

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Paul Riethmuller is Senior Lecturer, Department of Economics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Qld 4072, Australia.Funding for this paper has been provided by the Rural Industry Research and Development Corporation.     

城市电网10kV配电系统继电保护分析探讨

文章介绍了城市电网10kV配电系统在电力系统中的重要位置及城市电网10kV配电系统继电保护的基本类型,着重介绍了几种目前国内常用的电流保护:反时限过电流保护、定时限过电流保护,并分析了各类保护装置的基本构成、保护范围、动作原理、配合方法、优缺点,给出了详细的整定计算过程.     

How national culture impacts teenage shopping behavior: Comparing French and American consumers

The global teen market has significant spending power and an important impact on the world economy. However, much remains unknown about the social motivations of teenage consumers and cross-national cultural differences in teenage shopping. This research studies teenage shopping motivations in two nations: the U.S., which is a highly individualistic national culture with low power distance and low uncertainty avoidance, and France, which is perhaps a somewhat more collectivist, more inter-dependent national culture with high power distance and high uncertainty avoidance. This research samples 570 teenage consumers. Susceptibility to peer influence (SPI) drives teenage consumer shopping in France, while both need for uniqueness (NFU) and SPI motivate teenage shopping in the U.S.     

Banking deregulation and its effects on Australian consumers — The policy debate

After close to a decade of the rapid deregulation of Australian banking, for the first time, the policy debate centres on deregulation's effects on the consumer. The Parliamentary Inquiry into the Australian Banking Industry chaired by Stephen Martin, which reported in November 1991, agreed with consumer groups that deregulation has not delivered all the envisaged benefits to ordinary Australians. It recognised that market forces alone were not sufficient to ensure that bank services were delivered equitably. However, it rejected consumer recommendations for a statutory banking code and regulatory controls to ensure banks met their social obligations.Though the Martin Committee Report is valuable in that for the first time the consumer experience of deregulation was detailed, the Report suffered by not seeing consumer protection as the major policy question. It suggested remedies without focusing on implementation. Moreover, issues of the future, such as the safety of superannuation savings, were not resolved, and the security of electronic networks was not considered.

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Zusammenfassung Die Regulierung des Bankenwesens und ihre Auswirkungen auf australische Konsumenten. Nach einer fast zehnjährigen Phase einer schnellen Deregulierung des australischen Bankensystems richtet sich die öffentliche Debatte erstmalig auf die Auswirkungen auf den Konsumenten. Der Bericht über die parlamentarische Untersuchung des australischen Bankenwesens unter dem Vorsitz von Stephen Martin erschien im November 1991; er stimmt mit den Verbrauchergruppen darin überein, da\ die Deregulierung nicht zu den beabsichtigten positiven Effekten für australische Konsumenten geführt hat. Vielmehr wurde festgestellt, da\ die Marktkräfte allern nicht gewährleisten können, da\ Bankdienstleistungen angemessen zur Verfügung gestellt werden. Dennoch wandte sich der Bericht gegen die Empfehlung kodifizierter Verhaltensrichtlinien für Banken und gegen Kontrollma\nahmen zur Gewährleistung, da\ Banken ihren sozialen Verpflichtungen genügen.Wenn der Untersuchungsbericht auch insofern wertvoll ist, als er zum ersten Mal die kontreten Konsumentenerfahrungen der Deregulierung im Detail erfa\t, so fehlt ihm doch der Blick dafür welchen Stellenwert der Verbraucherschutz als politische Frage hat. Er schlägt zwar Ma\nahmen vor, beschäftigt sich aber nicht mit ihrer Durchsetzbarkeit. Hinzu kommt, da\ wichtige Themen der Zukunft wie z. B. die Sicherheit der Rücklagen für die Alterssicherung oder die Sicherheit elektronischer Netzwerke völlig au\er Acht gelassen wurden.

     

Mobile marketing: A literature review on its value for consumers and retailers

The article describes the existing knowledge of how mobile marketing can increase the value for consumers and retailers. Mobile device shopping, and consumers' use of mobile devices while shopping is shown to be both an extension of consumers' shopping behaviours developed on Internet-connected desktop and laptop computers (PC), and potentially new behaviours based on a mobile devices' uniquely integrated features such as camera, scanners and GPS. The article focuses on how mobile marketing creates value for consumers and retailers, enabling more precise research and development of managerial concepts and tools while providing both managers and academics with increased understanding of mobile marketing and its value outcomes for retailers.     

When consumers love their brands: Exploring the concept and its dimensions

Consumers may develop feelings of love toward some brands, but the meaning and underlying dimensions of this construct require further development. Through an exploratory Internet study of 843 respondents in France, this research used both qualitative and quantitative approaches to explore the concept of love. Eleven dimensions emerge through a correspondence analysis and the concomitant use of a multiple correspondence analysis and cluster analysis of the wording that respondents use to describe their feeling of love and the special type of relationships they have with the brands they love. These dimensions identified in France compare to dimensions of love found in previous research conducted in the United States.     

我国外汇储备存在的问题及其对经济的影响

人民币汇率之争与欧债危机又一次引发了社会各界对我国外汇储备的关注。我国外汇储备在规模、结构和来源方面存在着许多问题,给国民经济带来了不利的影响。本文从我国外汇储备的发展历史进程出发,分析当前我国外汇储备存在的问题,并探讨其对我国国民经济的影响。     

中国经济增长与就业之间的关系分析及政策启示

经济增长与就业率之间的关系,一直是学者们争论的焦点.本文根据协整理论,对我国经济增长与就业关系进行了实证分析,得出了它们之间的长期非一致性的关系,最后提出相关政策建议.     

中国经济增长与就业之间的关系分析及政策启示

经济增长与就业率之间的关系,一直是学者们争论的焦点.本文根据协整理论,对我国经济增长与就业关系进行了实证分析,得出了它们之间的长期非一致性的关系,最后提出相关政策建议.     

Business services,the new engine of French regional growth

This article analyses the evolution of employment in the French regions, putting the accent on business service firms. A ‘shift and share’ type of analysis shows that a primary decentralisation in tertiary activities seems to emerge in the 1990s, essentially pertaining to ancillary producer services. An explanatory analysis backs up the general validity of the regional economic base theory: the basic activities, to which business services can quite legitimately be attached, certainly play a leading long-term role on global employment dynamics. Finally it shows that over the past 20 years, the regional offer of services to businesses has been the major discriminating variable between regions, greatly influencing the evolution of basic employment and thus confirming the vital driving force of this sector in regional dynamics.     

为消费者造性价比最好的车--陕西重汽创立自主品牌的探索

今年5月1813，陕汽和曼公司签署了全面引进曼公司高端产品和重卡整车技术的合作协议，包括驾驶室、底盘、驱动桥和模具生产制造技术。     

The relevance of shopper logistics for consumers of store-based retail formats

This paper discusses and empirically evaluates the relevance of shopping-related logistics for consumers of store-based retail formats. Based on a literature review a conceptual model was developed and subsequently tested using a survey of more than six hundred consumers in the grocery retail sector. Respondents were those primarily responsible for grocery shopping in their households located in a highly concentrated European urban retail market. Variance based structural equation modelling reveals that shopper logistics has a major impact on the convenience of store-based shopping and partly influence consumers' perceptions of shopping related costs. Nevertheless, shopper logistics does not affect consumer behaviour in terms of the share of visits of a store. These results are moderated by age, hedonic shopping orientation, shopping frequency, average spending per trip and store format preference. We conclude that shopper logistics is relevant for consumers of grocery stores but its relevance varies between different shopper groups.     

The strategic position of consumers in the information society

In this paper, a conceptual framework is outlined for examining the strategic position of consumers in a society in which computer networks are assigned an increasingly important role in the distribution of goods and services. The framework deals with relationships among consumers as well as relationships between consumers and other actors in the distribution system, and in both cases the relationships can be based on either common or conflicting interests. With the aid of the framework, the author characterizes the strategic position of consumers in terms of influence and power or powerlessness.The technological impacts dealt with are related to both the consumers' own use of computer technology, and its use by other parties such as suppliers and retailers. Examples of developments discussed in the paper are computerized checkout registers, electronic funds transfer systems, and home computers connected to central information systems.The author predicts that the strategic position of consumers will be weakened as the new technologies become more commonplace while the strategic position of the most powerful commercial and institutional actors is likely to be strengthened. A number of strategies for collective consumer action which could countervail this tendency, are outlined at the end of the paper.

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Die strategische Position der Verbraucher in der Informationsgesellschaft

Zusammenfassung Der Beitrag entwickelt zunächst einen Bezugsrahmen für die Beurteilung der strategischen Position von Verbrauchern in einer Gesellschaft, in der Computer-Netzwerke eine immer größere Rolle auch bei der Vermarktung von Gütern und Dienstleistungen spielen. Dieser Bezugsrahmen unterscheidet zwischen Beziehungen, die innerhalb der Konsumentenschaft bestehen, und solchen, die zwischen Konsumenten einerseits und anderen Akteuren im Verteilungssystem andererseits bestehen; in beiden Fällen können Beziehungen auf gemeinsamen Interessen wie auf einander entgegenstehenden Interessen beruhen. Mit Hilfe dieser Unterscheidung kennzeichnet der Autor die strategische Position von Verbrauchern durch die Möglichkeit ihrer Einflußnahme und durch ihre Machtstellung bzw. Machtlosigkeit.Die technologischen Wirkungen, mit denen sich der Beitrag beschäftigt, beziehen sich auf die Nutzung der Computertechnologien durch die Verbraucher selbst wie auch durch andere Marktparteien wie Hersteller und Händler. Als Beispiele werden Entwicklungen im Bereich der elektronischen Ladenkassen, des elektronischen Zahlungsverkehrs und der an zentrale Informationssysteme angekoppelten Home-Computer diskutiert.Der Autor gelangt zu der Prognose, daß die strategische Position von Verbrauchern mit zunehmender Verbreitung neuer Technologien tendenziell abnehmen wird, während die strategische Position der mächtigeren kommerziellen und institutionellen Akteure gestärkt werden dürfte. Der Beitrag schließt mit der Diskussion einiger Möglichkeiten kollektiver Verbraucheraktionen, die dieser Entwicklung entgegenwirken könnten.

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Sigmund Grønmo is Research Director, The Norwegian Fund for Market and Distribution Research, Fredensborgveien 24, N-0177 Oslo 1, Norway, and Professor of Sociology at the University of Oslo. During the academic year 1986–1987 he is a Visiting Professor at the Department of Marketing, Illinois State University.This article is a revised version of a paper presented at the symposium New Challenges for European Consumer Policy, held at Heiligkreuztal, FRG, on March 17–20, 1986, under the sponsorship of the European Cultural Foundation, the Commission of the European Communities, and IBM Deutschland. The author received very useful comments from other participants at the symposium, in particular from Klaus G. Grunert, Carl-Heinz Moritz, and Hans B. Thorelli. Furthermore, the author is grateful for comments received from several colleagues at the Norwegian Fund for Market and Distribution Research, at the University of Oslo, and at Illinois State University.     

The development of 3‐D visualization technology: the potential impact on interior design and its consumers

Three‐dimensional visualization has developed and improved significantly over the last several decades and resulted in consumers' having multidimensional, multi‐sensory experiences with a wide range of products and services. It has affected the built environment and its related businesses. Designers create 3‐D images and walk‐through animations to communicate with their clients more clearly, starting from the early stage of the design process. The interior–design‐related material manufacturers and retailers have enhanced their online stores with 3‐D visualization features to improve their interactivity and provide user‐friendly interfaces for product information search and purchase planning. Because of the continuing widespread interest in 3‐D visualization and the amount of its applications in the interior design field, a review of this area was a necessity to suggest the future research direction for the development of 3‐D visualization in interior design. This paper sought to demonstrate the status of the development of 3‐D visualization and its impact on the interior design field and its consumers while highlighting an area where future research is a potentially considerable benefit in developing 3‐D visualization in interior design.     

The role of networking alliances in information acquisition and its implications for new product performance

The premise of Austrian economics on entrepreneurial discovery suggests that mutual knowledge about market participants defines who will acquire potential information about opportunities to bring future products into existence. Building upon this argument, this research investigates the role of networking alliances in information acquisition and its lagged effect on the new product performance of the firm. By using a longitudinal analysis, the study shows that a firm improves its new product performance as it increases the number of repeated partners and its centrality position relative to others in the technology collaboration network.