构建和谐社会,完善农村社会保障体系

农村社会保障制度长期处于社会保障制度边缘,农民的社会保障问题尤其突出,亟需为占人口三分之二以上的农民建立健全相应的保障体系,以分担风险、缓解压力、互助互利,促进农村经济可持续发展,对构建和谐社会具有重要的现实意义。农村社会保障制度是在特定的社会发展阶段,主要以农村居民为参保对象和保障受益对象建立的制度。农村社会保障制度,包括贫困农民的低保、一般农民的养老保险、失地农民的社会保障、农民工的社会保障和农村社会救助系统等。发展农村社会保障制度,与城镇社会保障系统有机衔接,逐步建设城乡统一的社会保障体系,是我国统筹城乡发展、构建和谐社会的必由之路。一、农村社会保障制度存在的问题目前,我国农村社会保障制度存在的问题十分突出,其在设计上还存在重大缺陷。农村社会制度覆盖的人口范围有限,保障水平低,保障项目少,保障具有应急性,缺乏制度化。农村社会保障与农村市场经济体制改革的需要相比,与农村居民发展的需要相比,与构建和谐社会发展的需要相比,还有巨大的差距。(一)农村社会保障覆盖面窄社会保障制度对于维护弱势群体最基本的生存权利具有基础性的意义。目前,我国无法对全体农村劳动者提供基本的生活保障。农村以养老、医疗为重点的社会保障工作...     

社会公平保障体系:国外经验及对我国的启示

构建社会公平保障体系,既是建立和谐社会的要求,也是完善中国特色社会主义市场经济制度的题中应有之意.在我国的社会公平保障体系建设中,应积极推进农村社会保障制度建设,加大社会保障对收入调节的力度,加强社会保障的法制建设.     

中国社会保障体系研究报告

我国目前正处在一个非常重要而又特殊的社会转型时期，如何妥善处理大量旧体制贵留问题和新体制下逐渐显现的社会贫困群体的保障问题，保持社会稳定是党中央、国务院非常重视、全社会都十分关注的焦点，最近一个时期，一些部门和社会专家学者对完善我国社会保障体系建设从不同的角度提出了各种思路、构想和政策性建议，其中不乏真知灼见，但是，如何在中国建立起一个统一、规范、可靠和可持续的社会保障体系，使之即能有效地解决当前的紧迫问题，又能从容地保持今后一个历史时期内制度的稳定性，还需要通过广泛、深入的研究、讨论，统一认识、统一步调。现将我们地完善社会保障体系若干问题的研究及政策性建议汇报如下。     

贫困文化环境下农村社会保障建设研究

目前,我国社会保障制度建设依然以城乡二元体制为路径选择,城乡贫富差距加大,社会结构失衡,给社会的稳定与发展带来了不安定因素,回归社会的公平与正义,共享经济发展成果成为时代的强烈声音。党的十六届六中全会提出,到2020年“基本建立覆盖城乡居民的社会保障体系”。我国农村由于处在经济贫困与贫困文化两大因素的困扰下,使我国农村社会保障体系建设步履维艰,而其中农村的贫困文化更是起着根源性的作用,如何破解农村的贫困文化对农村的社会保障发展的制约作用,将是本文所要思考的问题。     

社保“去户籍化”乃法之所向

与户籍、身份过多地“捆绑”,是我国正在建立和完善进程中的社会保险制度存在的现实问题。近期,《国务院关于进一步推进户籍制度改革的意见》出台,通过改革户籍本身给社会保障“松绑”也是题中之义,这将从根本上化解社会保障的户籍之累。其实,“去户籍化”也一直是社会保障改革发展的方向,如城乡居民社会养老保险、医疗保险的统一与推进,地方生育保险从拒绝非本地户籍职工到接纳等。《意见》要求,在建立城乡统一的户口登记制度的同时,建立居住证制度,     

基于资本缺失的我国农村贫困问题研究

对农村贫困形成机理进行研究能为反贫事业提供有效思路。资本缺失是我国农村贫困的重要成因;农民的物质、人文和社会关系资本缺失造成部分农民贫困,并陷入贫困恶性循环。因此,当前政府的工作重心要向"三农"倾斜,并坚持城乡同时发展。要转变观念构筑全面经济发展平台,注重发展质量、扩大农民的政治话语权和完善农村社会保障等,以尽快减少和逐步消除农村贫困。     

对现行农村社会保障制度的几点思考

农村社会保障体系是我国社会保障体系的重要组成部分，也是薄弱环节，建立和完善农村社会保障体系是全面建设小康社会和建设和谐社会的重要内容。虽然改革开放以来，我国农村经济得到了较大发展，但农村社会保障制度却严重滞后，尤其是随着改革的深入，城乡差距逐步扩大。因此，为了解决我国的“三农问题”，统筹城乡经济社会全面协调发展，增加农民收入，实现全面建设小康社会目标，必须加快完善我国农村社会保障制度的步伐。     

贫困地区农村残疾人亟需“保护伞”

2009年7月,中国残联对粤北、粤东山区和海南省山区贫困县农村残疾人生活保障状况进行了调查。从调查情况看,贫困地区农村残疾人生活十分艰难,农村贫困残疾人社会保障工作亟待加强。由于我国社会保障制度尚不完善,已有的社会保障制度也未充分考虑残疾人的特殊困难和需求,建议国家在社会保障法律制度建立过程中充分考虑残疾人特别是贫困残疾人的困难和需求,并做出特殊安排。     

让全体人民公平享有基本养老保障

《关于建立统一的城乡居民基本养老保险制度的意见》和《城乡养老保险制度衔接暂行办法》的出台,是我国社会保障体系建设进程中的大事,标志着养老保险两大基本制度平台形成,必将使养老保险相关制度内的融合度更高,制度之间的衔接性更好,使亿万参保群众从制度体系的优化、完善中更多获益。     

我国最低生活保障制度统筹发展的问题及对策研究

实现低保制度的城乡统筹发展是实现社会公平的需要,也是社会保障制度自我完善和发展的必经阶段。目前城乡低保最低生活保障制度之间仍存在巨大的差距,城乡低保在立法、管理体制、资金筹集及待遇方面差异较大,影响低保制度统筹发展的步伐。提出完善低保立法、统一管理体制,整合经办力量,规范财政投入,建立统一的低保待遇调整机制以及加强低保制度的内部衔接等建议。     

Debt and Taxes and Uncertainty

With a graduated personal tax schedule, Miller showed that there could be an equilibrium debt supply for the corporate sector as a whole. In the presence of uncertainty there is also a unique debt/equity ratio for each individual firm, and this ratio is related to the firm's operational risk characteristics. However, if firms merge and spin off in response to tax incentives, the identity of firms is ambiguous and only the corporate sector is a meaningful construct. These arguments are developed in both discrete and continuous models that employ extensions of the arbitrage-free pricing theory.     

教育与资本怎样的前景怎样的现实

来自政府的声音: "动员各种社会资源,发展教育" 此次论坛上财政部长助理张少春的发言是最受关注的发言之一.他的演讲传达出的信息有这样几方面:第一,谈到现实,他认为全社会对教育的巨大需求与我国公共投入不足已成为我国教育事业发展的突出矛盾.近年来,以公共部门投入为主,多渠道筹措教育经费的教育投入机制成为解决这一问题的重要途径,也使得公共部门与私营部门在教育领域的合作日益密切.第二,谈到前景,他认为,1.中国经济持续、快速的增长对高技能人才产生巨大的需求,这为私营部门的参与提供了广阔空间.2.随着公共财政职能的不断完善,财政资金将在各项教育事业中重新进行分配,进一步优化财政支出结构,提高资金的使用效率.在"十一五"期间,我国将把公共支出的重点转移到农村.我们将逐步把全体农村适龄儿童的义务教育全部纳入公共财政体制.     

East and west and north and south : A preliminary model

The Brandt report and other proposals for a new North-South world order continue to be the focus of lively debate, yet it is often argued that little concrete has emerged from their recommendations. A major reason for this, the author argues, is that the East-West conflict component is not sufficiently taken into consideration-East-West tensions are a severe constraint on and a determining factor of North-South relations. Using influence diagrams, the author develops a flexible framework for discussion and assessment of N/S-E/W relations.     

Trust and cross-border mergers and acquisitions

A number of studies suggest that social trust matters for investment. Using different measures of trust from World Values Survey, we show that countries where people display higher levels of trust engage in more cross-border M&A activities. When they do, these acquirers pay lower premiums. To the extent that these acquirers also tend to engage in larger acquisitions as well, our findings suggest that a larger selection pool of potential targets and higher value targets enable these acquirers to negotiate for lower premiums. We do not find evidence of the significant effect for target country trust levels. Hence, trust may benefit those acquiring firms in cross-border transactions.     

Tournament-based incentives and mergers and acquisitions

This research examines the relation between tournament-based incentives, which are proxied by the difference between a firm's CEO pay and the median pay of the senior managers, and mergers and acquisitions (M&As). We find that tournament-based incentives are positively related to firm acquisitiveness and acquiring firms' stock and operating performance. Further analysis indicates that positive acquisition performance increases the likelihood of the CEO being promoted from inside the acquiring firm. Our evidence is consistent with the view that tournament-based incentives motivate acquiring firms' managers to make greater efforts and take more risk that result in superior acquisition performance.     

Corporate Innovations and Mergers and Acquisitions

Using a large and unique patent‐merger data set over the period 1984 to 2006, we show that companies with large patent portfolios and low R&D expenses are acquirers, while companies with high R&D expenses and slow growth in patent output are targets. Further, technological overlap between firm pairs has a positive effect on transaction incidence, and this effect is reduced for firm pairs that overlap in product markets. We also show that acquirers with prior technological linkage to their target firms produce more patents afterwards. We conclude that synergies obtained from combining innovation capabilities are important drivers of acquisitions.     

Director gender and mergers and acquisitions

Does director gender influence CEO empire building? Does it affect the bid premium paid for target firms? Less overconfident female directors less overestimate merger gains. As a result, firms with female directors are less likely to make acquisitions and if they do, pay lower bid premia. Using acquisition bids by S&P 1500 companies during 1997–2009 we find that each additional female director is associated with 7.6% fewer bids, and each additional female director on a bidder board reduces the bid premium paid by 15.4%. Our findings support the notion that female directors help create shareholder value through their influence on acquisition decisions. We also discuss other possible interpretations of our findings.