Games played in a contracting environment

We analyze normal form games where a player has to pay a price to a supplier in order to play a specific action. Our focus is on supplier competition, arising from the fact that distinct suppliers supply different players, and possibly different actions of the same player. With private contracts, where a player only observes the prices quoted by his own suppliers, the set of equilibrium distributions over player actions coincides with the set of equilibrium distributions when all actions are supplied competitively, at cost. With public contracts, the two distributions differ dramatically even in simple games.     

广东区域发展不平衡的锁定效应与解锁路径

本文阐述了广东省区域经济发展不平衡的八种锁定效应,指出广东省区域经济发展不平衡是多种主观性、客观性因素长期锁定的综合结果。在此基础上,本文提出了广东省区域经济发展不平衡的七种解锁路径。     

金融市场发展、两税合并与企业资本结构——基于双重差分模型的实证分析

笔者以上市公司为样本,运用双重差分模型与多元回归分析,研究了两税合并对企业资本结构的影响和金融市场发展不均衡对所得税率影响资本结构呈现的不同特征。结果显示:相比于税率不变的样本企业,税率下降的样本企业负债率下降更显著;金融市场发展越完善,税率变化对企业负债率的影响越显著。     

Nonseparable Utility and the Double Dividend Debate: Reconsidering the Tax-Interaction Effect

The literature on the use of environmental taxes inthe presence of distortionary (labor) taxes warns thata partial-equilibrium Pigouvian tax analysis is notappropriate because increasing the price of dirtygoods can futher aggravate the prexisting distortions. This argument is most frequently made assuming thatlabor is taxed to meet a fixed revenue requirement.When a dirty good is also taxed, others argue thatthis lowers workers' real wages, causing people toreduce their labor supply below its already suboptimallevel, aggravating labor market distortions. However,most papers ignore the effect that a cleanerenvironment can have on labor supply. That is, mostpast work has assumed that the quality of theenvironment is weakly separable in the utilityfunction. We argue that a cleaner environment canincrease labor supply, at least partially offsettingany incentive for workers to decrease their laborsupply. Further, we show explicitly how relaxing theseparability assumption affects the standardresults.     

COMMODITY TAX STRUCTURE AND INFORMAL ACTIVITY

Commodity tax structure affects the firm's choice between formality and informality. An increase in the specific tax rate, relative to an equivalent increase in ad valorem taxation, makes informality attractive to more firms. Formality becomes attractive at lower levels of profits under ad valorem taxation. For both the maximization of welfare subject to a revenue constraint and the unconstrained maximization of revenue, the optimal rate of specific taxation is zero.     

股票市场发展对资本积累的增长效应研究——基于中国省际面板数据的实证分析

本文通过中国31个省、自治区和直辖市1993~2006年的面板数据,先后采用混合估计和固定效应方法对股市融资对资本积累的影响进行实证分析,考虑到股票市场发展初期融资规模和效率的制约会影响到股市融资对资本积累的作用程度,本文构建两类样本,分别对两类样本中的股市融资对资本积累的影响进行实证分析。结果发现,随着中国股票市场的发展,股市融资对资本积累的增长效应更加明显。这不仅证明了资本积累是股票市场发展影响经济增长的一条重要渠道,而且还为深入把握股票市场发展促进经济增长的机理、路径与效果提供了重要的理论基础。     

Tax structures in developing countries: Many puzzles and a possible explanation

Tax policies seen in developing countries are puzzling on many dimensions, given the sharp contrast between these policies and both those seen in developed countries and those forecast in the optimal tax literature. In this paper, we explore how forecasted policies change if firms can successfully evade taxes by conducting all business in cash, thereby avoiding any use of the financial sector. The forecasted policies are now much closer to those observed.     

The most popular tax in Europe? Lessons from the Irish plastic bags levy

There have been occasional ad hoc efforts to influence consumer behaviour by the imposition of product taxes that reflect external costs imposed by such products that are not initially included in their price. In the spirit of this idea, in 2002 Ireland introduced a 15 Euro cent tax on plastic shopping bags, previously provided free of charge to customers at points of sale. The effect of the tax on the use of plastic bags in retail outlets has been dramatic—a reduction in use in the order of 90%, and an associated gain in the form of reduced littering and negative landscape effects. Costs of administration have been very low, amounting to about 3% of revenues, because it was possible to integrate reporting and collection into existing Value Added Tax reporting systems. Response from the main stakeholders: the public and the retail industry, has been overwhelmingly positive. Central to this acceptance has been a policy of extensive consultation with these stakeholders. The fact that a product tax can influence consumer behaviour significantly will be of interest to many policymakers in this area. This paper analyses the plastic bag levy success story and provides insights and general guidelines for other jurisdictions planning similar proposals.

Pollution control with imperfectly observable emissions

In this paper, a model of environmental regulation with imperfect monitoring of emissions is presented. The regulator can use linear output taxes and emission taxes to influence the pollution level of a risk-averse firm. In contrast to the perfect monitoring case, a tax mix will usually be optimal. The relative weight depends on the degree of risk aversion and monitoring imperfection, and on technological factors.     

城市群要素集聚对区域经济效率的增益效应——以哈长城市群为例

借鉴控制系统方法,阐释了城市群要素集聚合理化发展的一般过程,在此框架下提出了通过观测要素集聚程度对经济效率增益作用的方向和强度来判断要素集聚合理性的理论构想。运用DEAMalmquist指数模型,测算了2005—2014年黑龙江和吉林两省的经济效率变动情况,并以此经济效率为被解释变量,以哈长城市群的不同要素集聚程度为解释变量,利用状态空间模型估算了2005—2014年哈长城市群的不同要素集聚程度对其所在区域经济效率提高的增益作用的变化。实证结果充分证实了理论构想的正确性和可操作性。     

企业社会资本指数的设计及测量

企业社会资本的测量一直是学术界的一个难题。通过界定企业社会资本概念,明确企业社会资本主体,以企业生产方式和管理层次为主线,从企业资源获取能力的效果出发,对企业社会资本的测量进行了探索性研究。构建的企业社会资本指数来源于财务报表及公开数据,具有一定的可操作性和实用性,不仅丰富了企业社会资本测量的内容,而且为该研究领域提供了新的方向。     

社会资本可以增进企业风险资本获取能力吗

以2009年10月到2015年12月在中国创业板上市的495家上市公司为研究对象,验证了社会资本对企业融资能力的影响。首先,将社会资本划分为政治关系资本和行业关系资本,然后,将其中的政治关系资本进一步细分为官员型政治关系资本和代表委员型政治关系资本,更加细致深入地验证了社会资本对企业融资能力的影响。研究结果如下：①无论是政治关系资本还是行业关系资本都有助于企业获得风险投资,表明社会资本可以向外界传递出反映企业高质量的信号,从而帮助其获取风险投资以缓解融资约束;②官员型政治关系资本同样有助于企业获得风险投资;③代表委员型政治关系资本对企业获得风险投资没有显著影响。