Venture Capital Backed Growth

The paper proposes a simple equilibrium model of venture capital, start-up entrepreneurship and innovation. Venture capitalists not only finance but also advise start-up entrepreneurs and thereby add value to new firms. The paper shows how a productive and active venture capital industry boosts innovation based growth. It also demonstrates the potential of tax policy to promote innovation and growth by strengthening incentives for more intensive venture capital support.     

金融支撑体系对我国物联网产业发展的作用——基于我国物联网上市企业的实证分析

界定了金融支撑体系的内涵及其构成,阐述了国内外物联网产业发展现状,从理论层面分析了财政税收、商业银行、创业投资和资本市场对中国物联网产业发展的影响,并提出相关研究假设。以2010—2012年中国46家物联网上市企业的数据为基础,建立面板数据混合回归模型,实证分析不同金融支持方式对物联网上市企业绩效的影响。研究发现:留存收益、财税、股权和创业投资4种金融支持方式与物联网上市企业的绩效显著正相关;商业银行信贷支持与物联网上市企业绩效正相关但不显著,说明信贷资金利用的有效性有待加强。最后提出完善金融支撑体系以促进中国物联网产业发展的对策建议。     

韩国促进科技与金融结合的政策措施

韩国建立的致力于科技创新的金融支援体系,为创新经济、培育战略性新兴产业、应对金融危机等发挥了重要作用。长期以来,韩国陆续建立了各种金融资金支援制度,如,金融支援制度、租税支援制度、新技术产品市场支援制度等,大力发展创业风险投资和科技资本市场,使得科技与金融呈现出一种互利互动的关系,成为提高科技创新能力的基础和保障,韩国的高新技术产业乃至整体社会经济由此实现了持续快速增长。     

The Development of The Local Area Network Market As Determined By User Needs

Using an original survey sample of 103 unquoted Belgian technology-based small firms (TBSFs), we examine the capital structure of start-up companies during their consecutive development stages. We find that internal funds, either alone as personal savings or in combination with family and friends, to be the primary source of financing. Personal funds of the founders are used to finance the start of 82% of TBSFs. Commercial bank and government funds are the most important sources of external finance for TBSFs subsequent to start-up. Most founders agreed that business angels and venture capitalists play a greater role at later stages. However, once granted, more substantial amounts of funding come from venture capitalists. There is also evidence that suggests a change in the mix of internal and external sources of finance. Finally, our findings based on founders’ scores in raising external funds suggest a call for urgent policy action to improve access to and availability of early-stage entrepreneurial finance in Belgium. We discuss our findings in light of the capital structure of small firms relating to TBSFs.     

Tax policy, venture capital, and entrepreneurship

The paper studies the effects of tax policy on venture capital activity. Entrepreneurs pursue a single high risk project each but have no own resources. Financiers provide funds, covering investment cost plus an upfront payment, in exchange for a share in the firm. The contract must include incentives to enlist full effort of entrepreneurs. Venture capitalists also assist with valuable business advice to enhance survival chances. The paper develops a general equilibrium framework with a traditional and an entrepreneurial sector and investigates the effects of taxes on the equilibrium level of managerial advice, entrepreneurship and welfare. It considers differential wage and capital income taxes, a comprehensive income tax, progressive taxation as well as investment and output subsidies to the entrepreneurial sector.     

Endogenous fiscal policies,environmental quality,and status-seeking behavior

This paper analyzes endogenous fiscal policy in an endogenous growth model where agents care about social status and environmental quality. The quest for a higher status is assimilated to a preference for capital wealth. The government uses income tax to finance infrastructure and environmental protection. We find that accounting for preferences for social status and environmental quality may lead to an allocation of tax revenue in favor of a cleanup effort to the detriment of infrastructure. Economic growth is not necessarily and negatively affected by this allocation as it is partly explained by an excessive accumulation of capital wealth due to the quest of status. Status seeking can however harm economic growth and environmental quality when its motive is important enough. Finally, we show that economic growth may be consistent with environmental preservation but is not necessarily welfare-improving as in the case of absence of status-seeking behavior.     

Taxation of uncertain business profits,private risk markets and optimal allocation of risk

In this paper we explore what happens if the government bears some of the risk through a profit tax when the risk sharing in the venture capital market is incomplete due to non-observability of effort and moral hazard. If the external equity investors can enforce exclusive contracts with the entrepreneurs, the risk relief through a profit tax will lead to too much insurance and too low effort as compared with a second best optimal solution. Bond and Devereux [Bond, S.R. and Devereux, M.P. (1995). On the design of a neutral business tax under uncertainty. Journal of Public economics, 58, 57–71.] show that a proportional profit tax would be neutral in the absence of moral hazard. In the presence of moral hazard we demonstrate that the tax may affect the risk shifting through the market, in which case the premise for the neutrality result will no longer hold.     

台湾创业投资税收政策及其启示

台湾地区的创业投资是推动科技产业发展的重要力量,目前其活跃程度仅次于美国排名全球第二.在创投业发展的不同阶段,台湾政府主要采用对创投公司股东提供投资税收抵减优惠政策、健全创投业筹资、投资范围及退出渠道建设等方法,来引导创投业的发展.从台湾的经验中我们可以看出税收政策支持创业投资事业的必要性、有效性.相比而言,大陆地区针对创业投资行业的税收政策存在缺位现象.借鉴台湾经验,可以对创业投资采取阶段性倾斜政策.     

风险投资进入时机、外部环境与企业创新投入

在我国经济进入高质量发展阶段，探究在不同外部环境下风险投资进入时机对企业创新投入的影响具有重要意义。以2010—2019年沪深两市首次公开上市的A股公司为样本，运用异方差稳健OLS模型和Logit模型，研究风险投资进入时机对企业创新投入的影响，并进一步探讨我国不同外部环境的调节效应，结果发现：①VC早期进入能够显著促进被投企业创新能力提升，表现为企业研发投入强度显著提升；②企业所在地区市场化程度越高，风险投资进入时机越早，越能提升企业创新投入和创新能力；③企业所在行业竞争水平越高，风险投资进入时机越晚，越能提升企业创新投入和创新能力。     

可转换证券与风险投资的最优退出决策

风险企业家和风险资本家,对于风险投资的退出方式的偏好由于双方利益的冲突从而出现不完全一致,风险投资主体双方以可转换证券为融资工具,利用可转换证券所具备的控制权相机转移的特性,可以最大限度地实现风险投资退出的帕累托最优。     

Taxation of International Private Capital Flows and Securities Transactions in Developing Countries: Do Public Finance Considerations Augment the Macroeconomic Dividends?

This paper examines policies to tax international private capital flows and securities transactions in developing countries. Many recent studies focus on the macroeconomic dividends associated with these policies (namely, their contribution to macroeconomic and financial stability and lengthened investor time horizons). In this paper I explore whether the potential of these policies to raise much‐needed tax revenues in developing countries augments their well‐known macroeconomic benefits. To my knowledge, there has been no effort to examine systematically the public finance issues related to the taxation of international private capital flows or securities transactions in the developing country context. I conclude that the public finance implications of these policies in middle‐income developing countries offers additional support to the macroeconomic case for them. To different degrees, taxation of international private capital flows and securities transactions has the potential to raise modest revenues in middle‐income countries. However, far more important is the potential of these policies to offer valuable macroeconomic dividends on the national level. These national macroeconomic dividends have the potential to bear fruit globally. This is because experiences with financial contagion over the last decade suggest that global financial stability can be enhanced via the promotion of domestic financial stability in developing countries.     

Why Finance Ministers Favor Carbon Taxes,Even If They Do Not Take Climate Change into Account

Fiscal considerations may shift governmental priorities away from environmental concerns: finance ministers face strong demand for public expenditures such as infrastructure investments but they are constrained by international tax competition. We develop a multi-region model of tax competition and resource extraction to assess the fiscal incentive of imposing a tax on carbon rather than on capital. We explicitly model international capital and resource markets, as well as intertemporal capital accumulation and resource extraction. While fossil resources give rise to scarcity rents, capital does not. With carbon taxes, the rents can be captured and invested in infrastructure, which leads to higher welfare than under capital taxation. This result holds even without modeling environmental damages. It is robust under a variation of the behavioral assumptions of resource importers to coordinate their actions, and a resource exporter’s ability to counteract carbon policies. Further, no green paradox occurs—instead, the carbon tax constitutes a viable green policy, since it postpones extraction and reduces cumulative emissions.     

风险投资对上市公司投融资行为影响的实证研究

本文研究风险投资机构对上市公司投融资行为的影响机制和作用效果,结果发现:风险投资的加入不仅可以抑制公司对自由现金流的过度投资,而且可以增加公司的短期有息债务融资和外部权益融资,并在一定程度上缓解因现金流短缺所导致的投资不足问题。进一步研究还发现不同特征的风险投资机构均可起到抑制自由现金流过度投资的作用,但只有高持股比例、高声誉、联合投资或非国有背景的风险投资机构才能够显著地改善外部融资环境,缓解现金短缺公司的投资不足问题。综合本文研究结果,作者认为企业上市后仍然可以利用风险投资机构的监督职能、声誉资源和融资关系网络来解决代理问题和信息不对称问题,进而促进企业投融资行为的规范化和理性化。     

我国创业投资税收政策的实证分析

税收政策对创业投资的发展至关重要.本文通过对我国有关创业投资税收政策的实证分析,认为现行税收政策对创业投资业的发展影响甚微,应当通过税收立法消除重复征税,制定鼓励投资者和创业企业和相关人员的税收政策,以发挥税收杠杆的调节作用.     

高等学校贷款风险及其防范措施

在高校超常规发展、大规模举债办学、快速扩张的同时,高校财务风险日益凸现。高校贷款会带来学校财政风险、银行金融风险及政府财政风险。我们应从思想上构筑贷款风险防线、管理上提高贷款使用效益、制度上保证贷款资金的安全性、方法上多渠道筹集资金和建立贷款风险预警系统等方面入手,以防范高校贷款风险的实际发生。     

创业企业高管团队特征对风投机构投资策略的影响——制度环境与机构专长的双重调节效应

高管团队作为创业企业的掌舵者，是风投机构制定投资策略的重要信号机制。因此，基于高阶理论，探究创业企业高管团队特征对风投机构投资策略的影响机制，进而剖析制度环境与风投机构行业专长对上述影响的调节机制，得出以下结论：①对于平均年龄较低、受教育水平较高、政治关系较强以及社会关系较强的创业企业高管团队而言，风投机构倾向于采取分阶段投资与联合投资策略；②良好的制度环境能够降低投资成本，帮助风投机构优化价值服务质量，弱化创业企业高管团队特征对风投机构分阶段投资与联合投资的影响；③较高的行业专长意味风投具有较完善的监督机制与丰富的资源网络，能够降低创业企业高管团队特征对风投机构分阶段投资与联合投资的影响。     

Innovative initiatives supporting inclusive innovation in India: Social business incubation and micro venture capital

In India inclusive innovation through social entrepreneurs is currently booming. However, these entrepreneurs suffer from a lack of finance since the bank system as well as the microfinance sector are unwilling or unable to finance them. However, pioneering finance initiatives have been emerging recently to bridge this gap. This paper discusses these emerging alternative financing initiatives which are forming an innovation eco-system of support for inclusive innovation and social entrepreneurship. It highlights two instruments in particular that are used in conventional innovation support: business incubation and venture capital. Two case studies are undertaken in order to provide evidence on how such instruments can operate with a ‘dual bottom line’ in supporting inclusive innovation and social entrepreneurship.     

科技金融政策促进科技企业发展的资源配置效率研究——来自北京市的实证调查

以北京市科技企业为调查对象，对科技金融政策促进企业发展的资源配置效率进行问卷调查分析，结果发现：各分项政策效率由高到低排序依次为财政补贴、金融监管、服务平台、税收优惠、科技保险、风险投资、科技担保、科技信贷政策；政策资源配置在不同产权类型、注册资本、行业类型、员工规模、资质类型、成立年限和年营业收入之间的均衡程度不同；政策激励偏重于创业明朗期和成熟期实力雄厚的企业、区级高技术企业以及国家战略扶持或市场需求较强行业，对创业危险期和成长转型期企业、市级高技术企业、风险较高行业激励性较弱。因此，建议政策优化时处理好以下关系：助强与扶弱、需求与供给、优先与平衡、创业与后劲、管制与放开、独立与协同。     

创业企业高管团队特征对风投机构投资策略的影响——制度环境与机构专长的双重调节效应

高管团队作为创业企业的掌舵者,是风投机构制定投资策略的重要信号机制。因此,基于高阶理论,探究创业企业高管团队特征对风投机构投资策略的影响机制,进而剖析制度环境与风投机构行业专长对上述影响的调节机制,得出以下结论：①对于平均年龄较低、受教育水平较高、政治关系较强以及社会关系较强的创业企业高管团队而言,风投机构倾向于采取分阶段投资与联合投资策略;②良好的制度环境能够降低投资成本,帮助风投机构优化价值服务质量,弱化创业企业高管团队特征对风投机构分阶段投资与联合投资的影响;③较高的行业专长意味风投具有较完善的监督机制与丰富的资源网络,能够降低创业企业高管团队特征对风投机构分阶段投资与联合投资的影响。     

美国风险投资金融经济价值问题研究

从美国风险投资发展的历程入手,分析其通过加速技术创新,从而创造宏观经济价值效应、促进就业的重要金融经济贡献,得出以下主要结论:风险投资在国家金融经济领域具有重要地位,它与具有发展潜力的高科技产业紧密地联系在一起,促进了技术创新和专利发明;风险投资与国家宏观经济以及国际竞争力具有长期正相关关系;风险投资与平均年工资水平和劳动生产率之间也存在强正相关关系;风险投资在美国的国家金融经济领域的以上各个方面发挥了及其重要的作用.由此得到启示:在中国经济转型的关键时期,大力发展风险投资已是当务之急,美国风险投资的运作模式能够为更有效地发挥风险投资所应有的金融经济价值提供借鉴.