我国中小企业融资问题探讨

本文通过中小企业融资的现状,分析造成中小企业融资难的原因,从中小企业强化自身管理,政府扶持,建立地方性金融机构或民间金融机构等方面提出了解决中小企业融资难的根本性措施。     

中小企业项目融资的适用性研究

中小企业在我国经济发展中具有举足轻重的作用，近年来中央和地方政府相继出台了大量支持政策，但限于自身固有的缺陷和环境不利因素的影响，融资难的问题不但没有得到根本解决，而且呈现出更加困难的趋势。本文在深入考察了项目融资的根本特性基础上，通过对山东省中小企业的详细调查分析，从需求性、适用性等方面对中小企业项目融资进行了分析，提出了积极开展中小企业项目融资的建议。     

中小企业融资难问题浅析

经济危机正席卷全球,随着金融危机加剧,中小企业生存环境日趋艰难,融资难问题一直严重阻碍其快速发展,问题的产生既有存在于中小企业自身的内部因素,又有金融机构、制度等一系列的外部因素。本文通过对我国中小企业融资现状的分析,结合时代背景,就企业自身、政府政策、金融机构三方面,对如何缓解中小企业融资难问题进行分析。     

中小企业融资难对策研究

目前"融资难"已成为制约我国中小企业发展的瓶颈,这其中原因有很多。有企业自身的原因,有政府的原因,有结构政策的原因,有金融机构的原因等。本文分析了其原因所在,然后分析了各金融机构应对中小企业融资所采取的具体措施,如配合政府的贷款风险补偿、下放审批权限等,并建议进一步加强信用体系和担保体系的建设。我们通过对国外中小企业融资制度的分析,借鉴国外中小企业融资的经验,来帮助我国中小企业资金融入,改善我国中小企业融资和发展的社会环境。     

中小企业融资难问题浅析

经济危机正席卷全球，随着金融危机加剧，中小企业生存环境日趋艰难，融资难问题一直严重阻碍其快速发展，问题的产生既有存在于中小企业自身的内部因素，又有金融机构、制度等一系列的外部因素。本文通过对我国中小企业融资现状的分析，结合时代背景，就企业自身、政府政策、金融机构三方面，对如何缓解中小企业融资难问题进行分析。     

美国中小企业融资方式及其启示

与日本和德国不同,美国对中小企业的政策性贷款数量很少。政府主要通过中小企业管理局制定宏观调控政策,引导民间资本向中小企业投资。本文重点介绍商业银行贷款、金融投资公司和政府资助三个方面。商业银行贷款一般来讲,银行等金融机构对中小企业的资信状况和履约能力不很了解,常常拒绝批准小企业的贷款申请。美国中小企业管理局为了解决这一问题,为中小企业提供金融协助,主要方式是提供担保,让中小型企业从商业性银行等金融机构获得贷款。中小企业向中小企业管理局提出申请后,由中小企业管理局向金融机构承诺,当借款人逾期不能归还贷款时,…     

中小企业融资问题研究

融资难是中小企业融资的基本特征。其成因既有法律政策、金融资本市场、信用体系不健全等宏观因素，又有银企业之间的矛盾等微观因素。本文通过对融资难产生的原因分析，提出从政府、金融机构、信用担保和企业四个角度提出相应的对策。     

中小企业融资问题研究

融资难是中小企业融资的基本特征.其成因既有法律政策、金融资本市场、信用体系不健全等宏观因素,又有银企业之间的矛盾等微观因素.本文通过对融资难产生的原因分析,提出从政府、金融机构、信用担保和企业四个角度提出相应的对策.     

中小企业融资难的原因及对策

中小企业为国家经济增长做出了重大贡献,是促进就业、维护社会稳定的中坚力量。作为财政收入的重要来源,中小企业做大型企业作科技、制度改革的先锋。本文通过对国际国内大环境、小环境的分析透视我国中小企业当前面临的状况,就外部环境和企业自身两方面剖析了中小企业融资难的原因,并从国家大体方向着手,提出了政策倾斜、完善金融机构,从企业自身提出了科技创新、完善信用体系等应对措施。     

我国中小企业融资问题浅析

目前中小企业融资难已成为中小企业发展乃至整个国民经济发展的瓶颈.本文从当前我国中小企业的融资现状出发,在分析国外中小企业融资方式、政策的基础上,从政府、金融机构和企业三个方面探讨并提出解决中小企业融资难的措施,指出解决中小企业融资困境应从加大政府支持力度,深化金融业改革、完善资本市场,提高中小企业自身竞争力等方面寻求对策.     

Workfare,welfare, agency,and well-being

Workfare programs are state-instituted programs that require able-bodied persons with children of school age who wish to claim welfare payments to participate in job training programs, and, eventually, to enter the work force. The philosophy of workfare is based on the value of work and the goal of self-determination. However, as a mandatory program for welfare recipients, workfare requires of those recipients certain duties which, according to those who challenge workfare, interfere with the freedom to choose what one will do with one's life. Whether some form of workfare will be adopted as part of our national welfare system remains to be seen. What the debate about such a program suggests is that welfare, in itself, by ignoring the necessity of security and education for full human agency, neither satisfies basic needs nor prepares its recipients for any life other than that of dependency. With all its difficulties workfare nevertheless presents an alternative to welfare that, at least in theory, more closely identifies its purpose with the values of our society.     

Externalities, Indivisibility, Nonreplicability, and Agglomeration

In this paper we argue that the impact of external scale economies and diseconomies on city size is not nearly as clear-cut as it is tacitly believed in urban economics. Similarly, city-size distortions are not caused by externalities alone. Indivisibility and nonreplicability, which prevent establishing the “right” number of cities, may represent a source for city-size distortions which can be stronger than the standard resource misallocation resulting from external scale economies and diseconomies. It follows that a direct population dispersion policy is not just an inferior substitute to Pigouvian taxes and subsidies but rather a useful complement.     

Streets, Malls, and Supermarkets

We develop a model of competition between shopping centers, comparing competitive outcomes in three alternative modes of retail organization, namely: streets (in which neither developers or retailers internalize agglomeration effects between products); malls (in which developers internalize); and supermarkets (in which both developers and retailers internalize). For a fixed number of centers: (i) converting streets to malls intensifies developer (but not retailer) competition, which increases product range (i.e., the number of shops built by the developers) and consumer surplus, reduces profits, and has ambiguous effects on welfare; (ii) converting streets to supermarkets intensifies retailer and developer competition, has ambiguous effects on product range (number of shops), reduces profits, and increases social welfare. With free entry both conversions reduce the number of centers and, if there is excess entry, conversion to supermarkets (but not malls) unambiguously increases welfare.     

Profit,productivity, and profit-sharing

This study is an investigation of the effect of profit-sharing on labor productivity. When monitoring labor performance is costly for management, a regular wage/salary contract is insufficient to induce profit-maximizing behavior from the worker. The authors demonstrate that when this profit-maximizing behavior can be induced only through profit-sharing, a linear profit-sharing program will increase productivity and the welfare of both management and labor. The benefit from profit-sharing is increasing up to the point where the utility of additional income is offset by the negative utility of extraordinary effort (working harder or providing higher quality work). The income effect, i.e., the change in negative utility of extraordinary effort given a change in income, can potentially either increase or decrease the point at which the income-effort tradeoff-reaches zero.     

Packaging,business, and society

The objective of this paper is to present the impact of packaging material on sustainability. The article analyzes the size of the problem that arises from the use of packaging and the effect of various types of packaging material on waste management. The data on solid waste from the United States and the European Union reinforce that the problem is not only huge but also requires immediate attention. The research found that paying attention to packaging has the potential to improve economic, environmental, and social sustainability. Reducing packaging in supply chains improves profitability for organizations, reduces environmental impact, and helps societies in lowering the cost of disposal. The cost of packaging materials and the costs of disposal and landfill, are borne by the end consumers. Suggested approaches to minimizing the generation of packaging waste include concerted efforts for reducing packaging throughout supply chains where elimination of packaging is not feasible, the formation of a global policy on the use and disposal of packaging materials, and educating consumers.     

Delegation, Committees, and Managers

Attempts to economize on decision-making time imply that groups of peers may delegate authority to a small committee of managers even though this means that the information and preferences of the uninvolved players are neglected. Decisions are more likely to be delegated to players with better information and more representative preferences. The possibility of ex post protests may force managers to take the preferences of others into account but may also give them incentives to ignore their private information. The argument may explain employees' willingness to let bosses decide, and thus throw some light on the theory of the firm.     

Indifference,indecision, and coin-flipping

This article operationalizes a non-empty relation as implied if strict preference and indifference jointly do not completely order the choice set. Specifically, indecision is operationalized as a positive preference for delegating choice to a least predictable device.     

Debt,equity, and information

Most firms issue financial assets such as debt or equity (e.g. bonds or stock) to outside investors. While these financial assets differ greatly in their characteristics, their diversity has received little attention in the literature. Filling this important gap in the literature, this paper views debt and equity as financial contracts, and asks why they are optimal instead of other financial contracts. By endogenizing the bankruptcy process, this paper shows how debt and equity arise as a consequence of an optimal allocation of cash-flow rights and monitoring rights, and how equity leads to dividend signaling.