我国现行环境政策调整与出口产品“环境竞争力”的提升

加入WTO后,我国要在该组织框架下接受贸易自由化与环境保护两股潮流的双重挑战,应对发达国家层出不穷的绿色贸易壁垒。如何合理调整国内现行的一些与WTO规则相矛盾的环境政策,提升出口产品的环境竞争力,促进我国经济与社会的可持续发展,将是我国加入WTO后急需解决的新问题。本文在对环境竞争力概念进行分析的基础上,界定了影响环境竞争力的主要因素。从国际、国内两个方面论述了当前我国环境政策所面临的挑战,及其调整方向。进而,提出今后提高我国出口产品环境竞争力的对策建议。     

环境成本内部化与我国对外贸易环境竞争力

由于污染而导致的环境外部性如果未计入生产成本将使国际贸易商品价格发生扭曲。但由于技术和政策等原因，各国的环境标准不同，环境成本内部化程度也不同，由于导致的绿色贸易壁垒对自由贸易产生了较大冲击。本文从社会经济剩余的角度对环境成本内部化进行了分析，并提出了加强我国对外贸易环境竞争力的重要性。     

WTO的环境与贸易政策及中国应对策略

人们通常将WTO对中国的影响集中在关税、配额、市场准入和国民待遇等方面 ,这虽然是十分重要的 ,但不够全面。其实 ,作为一种隐蔽性很强的非关税壁垒 ,各个国家的环境与贸易政策往往对中国这样一个发展中国家的出口起着重要制约作用。在当前世界经济增长速度趋缓和贸易保护主义抬头的特殊时期 ,中国要想扩大出口 ,维护自己的贸易利益 ,就必需了解并善于运用WTO的环境与贸易政策。本文考察了WTO处理环境问题的机制 ,分析了WTO有关环境问题的规定对中国的影响 ,就中国的环境政策如何与WTO兼容的问题进行了探讨。     

农产品竞争力的环境政策及法律法规研究

环境政策、法律、法规的建立完善及标准化的发展对经济的持续健康稳定增长具有非常重要的保障作用,特别是在当今世界更加重视环境保护和产品的内在质量的发展趋势下,我国加入WTO后,冲破发达国家所构筑的绿色贸易壁垒,提高农产品的国际竞争力的关键,就在营造与国际接轨的政策环境及建立配套的法律法规体系、标准,创新管理体系及经营体制.     

树立环境营销理念 提升企业绿色竞争力

近年来由于环境破坏而造成的问题愈发突出,企业生产经营面临越来越大的环境压力。企业竞争力的提升不单是依赖优质价廉的产品或服务,也不是著名的品牌形象,还应包括对环境因素的重视程度、企业的社会责任感,对大众消费行为的正确引导等。在追求绿色GDP的趋势下,树立环境营销理念,打造环境友好型企业形象是提升企业绿色竞争力的根本途径,是企业贯彻落实科学发展观的具体体现。文章论述了我国企业环境营销的紧迫性和存在的问题,并就企业如何实施环境营销提出几点具体对策。     

提高我国国际竞争力的制度设计与政策框架--基于环境的角度

我国产品出口遭遇的绿色壁垒层出不穷,致使许多产品的比较优势难以转化为国际竞争力.开放经济中的我国必须针对转轨过程的制度缺陷,进行总体上的制度设计,并确立相应的政策框架.提高我国基于环境的国际竞争力的制度设计包括环境资源的产权制度、许可证交易制度、环境技术标准制度、生态环境标识制度、清洁生产制度等;与之配套的是创建市场与政府有效干预有机结合、并鼓励公众参与的环境经济政策.     

商品包装对提升我国出口产品竞争力的作用

随着出口商品包装在国际贸易中的地位逐渐提升，其对增强我国出口产品竞争力的作用越来越重要。改革开放以来，我国出口商品包装取得了重大进步．但是在国际商品包装发展的新形势下，我们尚存在一些不足。本文通过商品包装与出口产品竞争力的关系分析，紧密联系我国出口商品包装现状，阐述我国出口商品包装存在的问题，并提出对策建议。     

环境规制政策工具对竞争力的影响:度量方法及研究进展

在界定竞争力的含义和度量方法的基础上,从不同政策工具的视角,对国外环境规制与竞争力间关系的理论研究方法和经验分析结论进行综述。在总结国内相关研究的基础上,提出未来的研究方向。     

提升我国企业绿色竞争力的战略思考

欧盟施行的环保指令已经开始考验中国企业,对我国出口企业造成了影响。只有培育绿色竞争力,才能使“中国制造”继续赢得国际市场和消费者的青睐。提升企业的绿色竞争力,进而提升国家绿色竞争力,是实现中国经济可持续健康发展的必由之路。     

试论我国环境刑事政策

我国正在建设“资源节约型、环境友好型”社会。“两型”社会的建设目标就是保护环境和资源。这就需要我们运用各种手段，采取各种措施，加大保护环境资源的力度。政策手段是一个主要的调控杠杆，环境刑事政策作为运用刑法手段控制环境违法行为和惩治环境犯罪的策略和方针，近年来在环境资源保护方面发挥的作用越来越大。环境刑事政策既是刑事政策，也是环境政策，既是立法政策、司法政策，也是执行政策，理论上对环境刑事政策进行研究，可以指导决策机关制定符合“两型”社会建设需要的方略，进而更好地运用刑事手段保护环境和资源。     

Environmental Policy and Industrial Competitiveness: The Pollution-Haven Hypothesis Reconsidered

The pollution-haven hypothesis suggests that strict environmental standards reduce domestic producers' competitiveness and result in relocation to countries with more lenient standards. This paper examines the question of whether relocation is always caused by reduced competitiveness at home. By using a signaling approach, it is shown that relocation can be undertaken for purely strategic reasons. Relocation is the producer's tool of indirect rent-seeking to convince the policymaker to refrain from a further tightening of environmental control. It is also shown that trade liberalization increases the probability of strategic relocation.     

我国货币政策信用传导：理论基础、现行模式和实证检验

货币政策信用传导理论主要包括银行贷款渠道和资产负债表渠道,它为市场体系相对不够完善的发展中国家的货币政策传导提供作用原理.笔者分析我国货币政策信用传导发展的两个阶段以及现有模式中银行信贷的关键地位,并通过实证方法检验我国货币政策信用传导渠道的存在性.     

Sustainability Policy and Environmental Policy

A theoretical, representative‐agent economy with a depletable resource stock, polluting emissions and productive capital is used to contrast environmental policy, which internalises externalised environmental values, with sustainability policy, which achieves some form of intergenerational equity. The obvious environmental policy comprises an emissions tax and a resource stock subsidy, each equal to the respective external cost or benefit. Sustainability policy comprises an incentive affecting the choice between consumption and investment, and can be a consumption tax, capital subsidy or investment subsidy, or a combination thereof. Environmental policy can reduce the strength of the sustainability policy needed. More specialised results are derived in a small open economy with no environmental effects on utility.     

旅游目的地环境竞争力及其提升研究

目的地旅游环境质量是旅游者在进行旅游目的地决策时需要着重考虑的因素．也是拥有不同旅游环境质量的目的地间一种重要的竞争力因素。本文介绍了旅游目的地竞争力Calgary模式．并从环境管理与市场营销措施、环境或旅游环境认证等方面对如何提升旅游目的地环境竞争力进行了分析。     

Competitiveness and Exemptions From Environmental Taxes in Europe

A number of European countries have introduced a variety of environmental taxes. A common characteristic of their implementation is the inclusion of exemptions and tax relief, in particular for (some sectors of) manufacturing industry. This paper analyses the pattern and motivation of exemptions as they have developed in Western European countries, making clear the difference between the nominal and effective tax rates once the exemptions have been taken into account. The principal motivation for exemptions relates to concern about competitiveness. While particular environmentally-intensive sectors may have some grounds for concern, even these might be able to achieve cost-effective environmental improvements, such that their competitive position is not over-disadvantaged, while for an economy structured like the UK's, an environmental tax plus rebate scheme, sometimes called an ecological tax reform, would be likely to yield benefits in terms of competitiveness. The exemptions usually run counter to the environmental economic logic of using environmental taxes to internalise social costs and give economic signals that are based on the full costs of production, and they are likely to increase the costs of achieving a given level of emission reduction. With little justification for them also on the grounds of competitiveness, it would therefore be undesirable on both economic and environmental grounds for them to remain a feature of the implementation of environmental taxes in the future.     

Environmental Management and the Competitiveness of Nature-Based Tourism Destinations

Environmental management at nature-basedtourism destinations includes a private and apublic component. The former refers tovoluntary environmental protection activitiescarried out by individual (and groups of)tourism operators. These activities aremotivated by the dependence of the productprovided by the tourism industry on the qualityof the natural environment. Public sectormanagement, on the other hand, refers to theenvironmental regulations imposed on tourismbusinesses. The overall environmentalmanagement structure has a dual effect on thecompetitiveness of the tourism industry atnature-based tourism destinations. While theindustry may benefit from environmentalmanagement through demand stimulation, thetourism businesses also incur the associatedmanagement related costs. In this paper, theoverall effect of environmental management oncompetitiveness, as measured by aggregatetourism industry profitability, is estimated ina case study of Tropical North Queensland.     

Mixed Oligopoly and Environmental Policy

We show in this paper that when there are both public and private firms in product markets (a mixed oligopoly) the decision whether to privatize a public firm interacts with the environmental policy of governments. Therefore, the outcome of the decision whether to privatize a public firm may be different if the government internalizes the environmental damage than if the government ignores it. When the government sets a tax to protect the environment, the tax is lower in the mixed oligopoly than in the private one even though the environmental damage is greater. In the mixed oligopoly the marginal cost of the public firm is lower than the market price.     

On Environmental Policy and Permitting

The literature on environmental policy under adverse selection usually assumes that firms' profit vary monotonically with a private information parameter. However, it is easy to demonstrate using standard production setups that regularity is not the rule. We show that policy requirements are very sensitive to this assumption. In particular, the optimal instrument resembles more an “adaptable” pollution standard than the economic instrument of an environmental tax. We also show that permitting, which results in some firms overinvesting in pollution‐control equipment, does not serve the objective of improving the environment but rather allows the agency to increase the proceeds of the policy.     

Environmental Policy and Technological Change

The relationship between technological changeand environmental policy has receivedincreasing attention from scholars and policymakers alike over the past ten years. This ispartly because the environmental impacts ofsocial activity are significantly affected bytechnological change, and partly becauseenvironmental policy interventions themselvescreate new constraints and incentives thataffect the process of technologicaldevelopments. Our central purpose in thisarticle is to provide environmental economistswith a useful guide to research ontechnological change and the analytical toolsthat can be used to explore further theinteraction between technology and theenvironment. In Part 1 of the article, weprovide an overview of analytical frameworksfor investigating the economics oftechnological change, highlighting key issuesfor the researcher. In Part 2, we turn ourattention to theoretical analysis of theeffects of environmental policy ontechnological change, and in Part 3, we focuson issues related to the empirical analysis oftechnology innovation and diffusion. Finally,we conclude in Part 4 with some additionalsuggestions for research.