Family Structure and Family Earnings: The Determinants of Earnings Differences among Family Types

Mean total family earnings differ greatly by family structure (the number, age, and gender of adults, and the presence or absence of children and dependent elders). This study classifies families into seven major types by structure, and analyzes inequality in mean earnings among these types. Differences in mean earnings among types depend primarily on the amount of labor supplied to the labor market. The quantity of labor supplied, in turn, while reflecting in part differences in the head's characteristics (such as human capital), is largely determined by family structure. Earnings changes by family type over time from 1973 to 1987 are also discussed.     

收益与收益质量的分层研究

各层面对收益的不同认识以及所导出的收益质量问题是极为重要的实际问题。本文先以经济学和会计学辨析的视角说明收益的内涵及在理论与实践中的偏差，阐明全面收益理论的要点与意义。然后深入到收益质量内部，从经济收益的大小、会计收益与真实收益差异的客观性和人为因素导致的收益质量三个不同层面进行分析，最后就研究结论，运用统计分析的方法对我国上市公司收益质量进行实证描述与分析，本文旨在揭示收益质量不高的原因，找出辨析与提高收益与收益质量的方法与途径。     

The Determinants of Employee Productivity and Earnings

This paper uses data on employee wages and characteristics drawn from a nationwide sample of firms to re-examine the determinants of employee productivity and earnings. The results show that previous experience and tenure in the current job have significant, positive effects on wages and productivity. Hours of training are positively related to productivity and wage growth but generally not to levels of either. Lastly, gender effects are evident. Productivity growth and current productivity levels are slightly higher for females while their wages are significantly lower.     

资源枯竭型国有企业退出障碍与退出途径分析

中国资源枯竭型国有企业数目众多，较多企业同时面临资源枯竭和体制转换双重困难。这类企业的顺利退出是世界性的难题，也是中国经济发展和社会稳定的关键。本文根据产业经济学的基本框架，并结合阜新矿业集团等企业的实践，系统分析了资源枯竭型国有企业退出障碍的种类和退出途径的选择，试图理清逻辑思路，为各级政府和相关企业提供政策建议和决策参考。     

制度环境 盈余质量与融资约束

以我国A股上市公司2007-2008年的数据为样本,研究了盈余质量和制度环境因素对融资约束的影响。研究发现,盈余质量的提高和制度环境的改善都可以有效降低企业的融资约束;在市场化水平越高的地区,盈余质量对公司面临的融资约束所产生的缓解效应更加显著;但是在市场化水平低的地区,盈余质量的提高并没有很好地降低企业面临的融资约束水平。同时得出结论:盈余质量对于企业面临的融资约束的缓释作用离不开宏观制度环境的改善,政府应该加快各地区的市场化进程。     

Railroads and Price Discrimination: The Roles of Competition, Information, and Regulation

I evaluate railroad price discrimination in three periods: 1870–1886, before the passage of the Interstate Commerce Act; 1945–1975, when rates were regulated but railroads faced extensive intermodal competition; and 1980–2010, after the passage of major regulatory reforms. While price discrimination was widespread in each period, the specific practices varied as the nature of competition, regulation, and the information available to decision-makers changed. The Act focused heavily on price discrimination, and limited some practices while encouraging others. One major weakness of the Act was the restrictions that were imposed on pricing practices that could lead to cost reductions and productivity improvements.     

The Postmilitary Earnings of Female Veterans

The role of women in the military has grown rapidly. Using standard datasets and a special survey of reservists, female veterans are found to have better earnings endowments than nonveterans. Although female veterans have higher unadjusted earnings than nonveterans, a wage disadvantage is found for white but not nonwhite veterans following control for measured and unmeasured skills. Low returns to military service may result from historically limited military opportunities for women and difficulty in transferring skills to civilian jobs.     

退出成本、经理行为与国有企业改革

本文在现有理论的基础上将退出成本引入对经理行为的分析。分析表明,退出成本的存在会使经理采取积极行动以避免退出,经理的努力水平会随着退出成本的增加而提高;通过提高经理的退出成本,所有者以较少的剩余索取权激励使经理提供相同的努力水平。本文认为,退出成本过低是导致当前国有企业效率低下的重要原因之一。国有企业改革应该多管齐下,在当前推行产权改革、治理结构优化和剥离政策性负担、引入竞争机制等一系列改革措施的同时,政府还应该采取措施以提高国有企业经理的退出成本,以避免其他改革措施事倍功半。     

Hispanic Ethnicity,English‐Skill Investments,and Earnings

Analyzing synthetic cohorts in the 1980 and 1990 Public Use Microdata Samples, we find that Mexican‐Americans and other Hispanics acquired English fluency at a faster pace than Puerto Ricans and Cuban‐Americans during the 1980s. Additional results indicate that English‐skill investments differently influenced the earnings distributions of these ethnic groups.     

The Effect of Mentorship and Sex-Role Style on Male-Female Earnings

The women in management literature contend that mentorship and sex-role style affect women's career success and ultimately earnings. We use data from the public accounting profession (N = 833) and a human capital wage decomposition model to examine the effect of mentorship and sex-role style on male-female wages and wage differentials. The results suggest that career mentorship modestly increases only women's earnings. However, sex-role style was found to significantly interact with gender to affect earnings and earnings differentials.     

控股股东性质、利益输送与盈余管理幅度——来自中国A股公司首次亏损年度的经验证据

本文研究了大股东从公司向自身"输送利益"与公司预期获取大股东"利益输送"的机会,对公司首次亏损年度负向盈余管理幅度的影响。证据表明,大股东资金占用的规模越大,公司可运用于改善经营管理的财务资源越少,公司进行负向盈余管理的幅度越大;当第一大股东为非经营性股东,公司流通股比例越大时,其获取大股东利益输送的机会越少,公司进行负向盈余管理的幅度越大。     

市场歧视、区际边界效应与经济增长

跨区域商品价格差被认为是研究国内区际贸易的有力替代指标,本文以我国12个样本城市六大类商品价格为考察对象,回归结果显示,除了距离等控制因素外,樊纲指数和政府支出占GDP的比率较好地解释了我国六大类商品价格偏差的边界效应,说明市场化进程落后的地区更可能筑起商品贸易的政策壁垒,而具有父爱意识的政府在高财政支出比率情形下更有能力实施保护战略,验证了本文的边界效应假说。实证还获取了两个层次的边界效应(包括品类边界效应和省份边界效应),并作为市场一体化指标被纳入本文的经济增长方程进行回归;改革和开放两变量控制后,结果显示地方保护壁垒造成的省际市场分割,影响到保护战略实施省份的自身经济绩效。     

Entry and Exit in a Transition Economy: The Case of Poland

The purpose of this paper is to examine the industrialentry and exit in a transitioneconomy, over the interval of change from a predominatelystate-owned productivesystem. The data set employed offers a near-exhaustivecoverage of manufacturingfirms in Poland. The paper estimates entry and exit equationsacross 152 3-digitindustries, using an adaptation of an Orr–Shapiro/Khemani-typemodel to allow for thespecial circumstances of a transition economy. Theresults suggest that, despite theturbulence of the immediate post-transition period,the patterns of entry and exitbehaviour in Poland correspond closely to thoseobserved in more mature marketeconomies.     

Antidumping and Production-Line Exit: The Case of the US Steel Industry

We present and examine a novel data set that contains production line information inside US steel plants. We exploit this highly disaggregated data to perform the first study of entry and exit behavior at the level of the production line within individual plants. Our empirical analysis reveals a number of interesting results. First, smaller production lines are more likely to shut down, as are lines that are owned by larger firms. Younger production lines and lines that have undergone modernization are more likely to survive. Our results indicate that lines that are operated by integrated producers are more likely to exit. We find no evidence, however, that antidumping decreases the likelihood of exit, despite the steel industry’s frequent use of antidumping protection.     

The Legacy of the Interstate Commerce Act and Labor: Legislation, Unionization, and Labor Earnings in Surface Transportation Services

The intended purpose of the 1887 Interstate Commerce Act (ICA) was the establishment of the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) as a regulatory agency that initially provided oversight of rate and entry of interstate commerce in the rail industry. The ICC’s jurisdiction later included regulation of trucking and bus transportation. An unintended consequence of ICC regulation was the development of labor markets in these sectors that helped promote labor organization and labor rent sharing. Indeed, some of the most influential unions in American labor history represented workers in ICC-regulated industries. This study examines the ICA and its aftermath as it applies to labor in these industries.