区域人力资本差异成因分析

一、区域人力资本差异西方新增长理论将人力资本纳入到了经济增长模型当中,认为专业化的知识和人力资本积累内生了技术进步,而知识的外溢性或人力资本的外部性保证了技术进步,使经济范围的规模收益递增,从而使经济长期持续增长。人力资本理论的创始人之一舒尔茨也论证了人力资本投资是经济增长的主要源泉,经济发展过程中人力资本投资收益率要高于物质资本投资收益率,而且人力资本较快地增长对于收入均等化和国际经济关系改善都起着很大的作用。区域经济实力直接取决于区域拥有的物质资本和人力资本,但在知识经济时代,人力资本对经济增长的贡…     

借鉴人力资本外部性完善国防人力资本教育投资

人力资本存在强烈的外部性特征,要使这个外部性较大的内在化,提高人力资本投资的个人收益和社会收益,就需要完善和加强对人力资本的教育投资。目前我国的国防人力资本教育投资尚不完善,应充分借鉴人力资本外部性理论,在以下四个方面加强和完善:逐步形成军队投资、社会投资、个人投资并举的格局;进一步加大国防人力资本教育经费的投入力度;提高国防人力资本教育投资的经济效益;完善国防人力资本产权保护制度。     

基于外部性的企业家创新激励

企业家作为经济人和社会人的集合体,在现代社会中作用独特。企业家创新因具有一定的外部性,成为具有局部排他性和一定竞争性的非纯公共物品。企业家创新的总外部性对社会来说是有利的,它会带来全社会创新成果的共享和福利的提高;但对于企业家而言,却是几乎以接近零的利润提供企业家创新成果,即企业家的收益很低,这使得企业家创新缺乏动力。以鲍莫尔提出的"外溢比率"为基础,以企业家双重社会角色的定位以及外部性的客观存在为前提,分析了创新激励的方向和手段。     

企业家人力资本产权的内涵、结构与功能

企业家是经济生活中最为稀缺的人力资本资源。企业家人力资本既不同于非人力资本资源,也不同于一般的人力资本资源,在经济增长和社会进步的过程中扮演着不可替代的角色,发挥着举足轻重的作用。借助于西方人力资本理论和产权经济学理论,较为系统地分析了企业家人力资本产权的内涵、结构与功能,得出关于企业家人力资本产权的3个重要结论。     

中国教育补贴率的变动趋势-基于教育个人收益率的分析

本文构建了一个包含人力资本外部性的内生经济增长模型,并在不同的筹资模式下,探讨了最优教育补贴率的确定及其比较静态分析。与以往的研究不同,本文给出的最优教育补贴率将随着教育个人收益率(即明瑟收益率)的上升而下降。在此基础上,我们考察了近年来中国教育个人收益率的变动趋势,进而对同一时期教育补贴率变动趋势的合理性做出了解释和评价。     

企业家社会资本与企业创业绩效关系——基于陕西省经验的实证分析

企业家人力资本对创业绩效的贡献作用一直备受主流经济学的关注,但是,伴随着新经济时代的到来,单纯的人力资本已不能充分解释企业不断增长的问题,尤其是创业企业的绩效差异问题。因而,企业家社会资本开始受到理论界的关注。文章以陕西创业企业为例,通过与人力资本相比较,采取实证方法对企业家社会资本对创业绩效的影响进行具体分析。运用主成分分析法对企业家社会资本和创业绩效分别作归类分析。以创业绩效为因变量,企业家社会资本和人力资本及它们的交叉项为自变量,建立多元线性回归模型。分析结果表明,企业家社会资本对创业绩效的贡献作用远远超过人力资本,并在文章最后对此现象进行解释。     

后工业化时代的城市:城市规模影响服务业人力资本外部性的微观证据

本文利用2008年经济普查服务业企业层面微观数据来考察服务业内人力资本外部性,发现城市的人力资本对于服务业企业产生的正外部性主要体现在大企业中。然后,将城市人力资本外部性的来源细分为行业内企业间、服务业行业间、制造业三个部分,结果发现来自行业内企业间、服务业行业间的人力资本外部性会随城市规模的增大而加强,而来自制造业的人力资本外部性则随着城市规模增大而减弱。最后,考察人力资本外部性的作用机制,发现行业内企业间和服务业其他行业间高技能交流产生的人力资本外部性随城市规模增大而加强,而与制造业高技能交流产生的外部性随城市规模增大而减弱。本文的含义是,进入后工业化阶段后,大城市对于服务经济的发展越来越重要。     

企业家人力资本定价的计量模型研究

本文在国内外学者对企业家人力资本定价计量模型研究的基础上,按照期权模型计量出企业家人力资本的内在价值．利用层次分析法计算影响企业家人力资本计量因素的权重,然后根据模糊计量的数学方法衡量企业家人力资本价值发挥的效率,最后计量出企业家人力资本的实际价值。     

中国教育补贴率的变动趋势——基于教育个人收益率的分析

本文构建了一个包含人力资本外部性的内生经济增长模型，并在不同的筹资模式下，探讨了最优教育补贴率的确定及其比较静态分析。与以往的研究不同，本文给出的最优教育补贴率将随着教育个人收益率（即明瑟收益率）的上升而下降。在此基础上，我们考察了近年来中国教育个人收益率的变动趋势，进而对同一时期教育补贴率变动趋势的合理性做出了解释和评价。     

中国民营企业家人力资本的形成与发展趋势

我国中小民营企业成长缓慢制约着民营企业的健康发展,究其根本原因是民营企业家人力资本不足。本文从企业发展角度分析了民营企业家应具备的人力资本;研究了经济体制、技术、市场竞争、社会文化等方面对其人力资本形成的影响。探讨了未来中小民营企业家人力资本的形成、发展趋势。     

Identifying Human-Capital Externalities: Theory with Applications

The identification of aggregate human-capital externalities is still not fully understood. The existing ( Mincerian ) approach confounds positive externalities with wage changes due to a downward sloping demand curve for human capital. As a result, the Mincerian approach yields positive externalities even when wages equal marginal social products. We propose an approach that identifies human-capital externalities, whether or not aggregate demand for human capital slopes downward. Another advantage of our approach is that it does not require estimates of the individual return to human capital. Applications to U.S. cities and states between 1970 and 1990 yield no evidence of significant average-schooling externalities.     

HOW LARGE ARE LEARNING EXTERNALITIES?*

The quantitative features of human capital externalities are not fully understood. Although static externalities are estimated in some studies, learning externalities remain mostly unestimated. By calibrating a growth model, this article provides an estimate of learning externalities. The calibration uses an equilibrium condition that equates private returns on physical capital and human capital. The results suggest that sizable learning externalities exist, even in a conservative setup. The estimated social rate of return on human capital is 9.0%, compared to the private rate of return, 6.6%. Therefore, human capital externalities are an important source of economic growth.     

Preferences for Educational Status,Human Capital Accumulation,and Growth

Using an overlapping generations model in which human capital accumulation has positive external effects on the production of the human capital of future generations, this paper analyzes implications of agents’ having preferences for educational status, represented by human capital holdings relative to the social average. Examining the value and sign of the optimal distortionary tax in the optimal taxation scheme, we analyze the efficiency of the level of human capital accumulation in a decentralized economy. The desire for educational status can compensate for insufficient accumulation of human capital stemming from human capital externalities directed toward future generations.     

Optimal social security in a dynastic model with human capital externalities,fertility and endogenous growth

In this paper we investigate the optimal scale of pay-as-you-go social security in a dynastic family model with human capital externalities, fertility and endogenous growth. Human capital externalities reduce the return to human capital investment and hence lead to under-investment in human capital and over-reproduction of the population. If the taste for the number of children is sufficiently weak relative to the taste for the welfare of children, social security can be welfare enhancing by reducing fertility and raising human capital investment per child.     

社会资本、创业拼凑与新创企业绩效——双重关系嵌入的调节作用

社会资本作为推动新创企业成长与发展的重要动力，其资源效应是提高新创企业绩效的主要内容。而创业拼凑作为突破新创企业资源约束的关键因素，成为社会资本向绩效转化过程中的重要枢纽。基于社会资本理论，结合双重关系嵌入的差异化表现，分析社会资本对新创企业绩效发挥作用的路径机制以及外部影响。结果表明：社会资本对新创企业绩效具有显著正向影响；创业拼凑在社会资本与新创企业绩效的关系中存在部分中介效应；内外部关系嵌入正向调节创业拼凑和新创企业绩效间关系。     

创业团队异质性对创业绩效的影响：团队治理的中介作用

借鉴结构—行为—绩效（SCP）模型，构建创业团队异质性—团队治理—创业绩效的研究框架，从人力资本理论、交易费用理论视角对三者之间的作用机理进行探讨和检验。结果表明，创业团队经验异质性与创业绩效之间显著正相关；创业团队经验异质性水平越高，越倾向于选择契约治理模式；契约治理在创业团队经验异质性与创业绩效之间起部分中介作用。实践中，在组建创业团队时要有意识地保持成员在知识技能、专业职能等经验方面的多样化和互补性，从而获得成长所需人力资本和社会资本。同时，需要在团队运作过程中采取与之相适应的治理模式，以制约由此产生的行为不一致甚至冲突，节约沟通协调成本，提高创业企业绩效。     

Human capital and the private equity premium

When capital market is imperfect, an entrepreneur has to invest substantial personal funds to start a firm and has to bear large firm-specific risk. Furthermore, if a typical entrepreneur is risk averse, private equity should earn a premium for idiosyncratic risk. In this paper I explore the interaction of human capital with the decision to become an entrepreneur. I calibrate a model of entrepreneurial choice to illustrate a significant attenuating effect of human capital on the premium for firm-specific risk. When an entrepreneur can quit the business and work for hire, the firm-specific risk premium is order of magnitude lower than without this option. While an entrepreneur puts at risk a substantial fraction of financial wealth, she does not commit all human capital to the current business. At stake is only the labor income forgone while managing the firm and the rest of human capital is unaffected by the business risk. Empirical evidence suggests that private equity does not earn any significant premium over publicly traded equity. The model with human capital is consistent with this observation, assuming typical entrepreneur forgoes a small expected return (1.5%) in lieu of intangible benefits of entrepreneurship.     

Utility and production externalities, equilibrium efficiency and leisure specification

This paper analyzes the implications that the specification of the leisure activity has on the equilibrium efficiency in a two-sector endogenous growth model with human capital accumulation. We consider external effects of consumption and leisure in utility, and sector-specific externalities associated to physical and human capital in production. The optimal tax policy to correct for the distortions caused by the externalities is characterized under all the typical leisure specifications considered in the literature: home production, quality time and raw time. We show that the optimal policy depends markedly on the leisure specification.     

Entrepreneurs, Professionals, and Growth

We examine the implications for growth and development of the existence of two types of human capital: entrepreneurial and professional. Entrepreneurs accumulate human capital through a work-experience intensive process, whereas professionals human capital accumulation is education-intensive. Moreover, the return to entrepreneurship is uncertain. We show how skill-biased technological progress leads to changes in the composition of aggregate human capital; as technology improves, individuals devote less time to the accumulation of human capital through work experience and more to the accumulation of human capital through professional training. Thus, our model explains why entrepreneurs play a relatively more important role in intermediate-income countries and professionals are relatively more abundant in richer economies. It also shows that those countries that initially have too little of either entrepreneurial or professional human capital may end up in a development trap.