基于随机前沿生产函数的我国烟草企业效率分析

本文选取12家烟草企业作为研究对象,利用随机前沿生产函数考察了从2001年到2005年5年期间的烟草企业生产效率.研究结果表明:中国烟草企业之间的生产效率差异并不大;企业规模与企业的生产效率呈正比例关系.本文研究结果的重要政策含义是,如果继续提高烟草企业的生产效率,就必须打破企业间的市场分割,深化企业间的联合重组,保持企业的适度规模.     

The transient and persistent efficiency of Italian and German universities: a stochastic frontier analysis

Despite measures on the European level to increase the compatibility between the higher education sectors, the recent literature exposes variations in their efficiencies. To gain insights into these differences, we split the efficiency term according to the two management levels each university is confronted with. We separate short-term and long-term efficiency while controlling for unobserved institution-specific heterogeneity. We argue that the first term reflects the efficiency of the individual universities working within the country, while the second term echoes the influence of the overall country-specific higher education structure. The cross-country comparison displays whether efficiency differences between countries are related to the individual performance of their universities or their higher education structure. This allows more purposeful policy recommendations and expands the literature regarding the efficiency of universities in a fundamental way. Choosing Italy and Germany as two important illustrative examples, we show that the Italian higher education sector exhibits a higher overall efficiency value. With the individual universities working at the upper bound of efficiency in both countries, the remaining inefficiency and the gap between the countries are caused by persistent, structural inefficiency. Future measures should hence aim at the country-specific structure and not solely at the activities of single universities.     

Openness and the Efficiency of FDI: A Panel Stochastic Production Frontier Study

This paper uses a stochastic translog production frontier to estimate technical inefficiency indices whose conditional mean is specified as a function of FDI and its interaction with openness of the economy. The model is estimated using an annual panel of 46 countries for the years, 1981–2001. The results suggest that increased FDI increases potential output in both developed and developing countries with the effect being more profound in the former. It is also found that increased FDI reduces technical inefficiencies the more open is the economy but that this effect holds only for developed economies. Thus qualified support is found for the “Bhagwati hypothesis” as the results reveal that the efficiency–enhancing effect of FDI depends not only on openness but also on the degree of development of the host country.

企业所有权性质与研发效率——基于随机前沿函数的高技术产业实证研究

本文运用随机前沿生产函数分别对我国高技术产业中国有及国有控股企业和三资企业的研发效率进行了度量,着重度量了企业规模、市场结构、出口、消化吸收经费投入等因素对该产业不同所有权性质企业研发效率的影响。通过企业所有权性质与研发效率的对比分析发现,国有企业研发效率整体偏低,但近年呈上升趋势,企业规模、市场竞争和消化吸收经费投入与该类企业研发效率显著正相关;三资企业电子及通信设备制造业研发效率近年来出现下降趋势,消化吸收费用对其研发效率提高作用不显著。     

Factor Mobility and Dispersion in Marginal Products: A Case on China

This paper examines the efficiency in resource allocation in China. We estimate production functions at the provincial level and use these functions to compute time series for marginal products of capital and labor. We found that dispersion in the marginal product of capital declined from 1970 to 1984 and then became stable afterward, whereas the dispersion in the marginal product of labor declined initially but the trend has been reversed since 1993. We argue that this reversal may indicate any of the following: (1) policy-driven labor migration adding to labor market inefficiency; (2) the presence of increasing returns in labor; and (3) both capital and labor having become mobile since 1993. Translated from the Economic Research Journal, 2004, (1) (in Chinese)     

测度政府技术效率的模型与方法比较研究

技术效率是在产出规模不变,市场价格不变的条件下,按照既定的要素投入比例所能达到的最小生产成本占实际生产成本的百分比。政府技术效率是广义的政府绩效或效率的一个部分,它是政府提供公共服务过程中能够测度的政府投入与政府产出之间的比例关系。测度政府技术效率主要的模型与方法有非参数前沿法和参数前沿法。非参数前沿法主要包括数据包络法分析（DEA）和自由处置包（FDH）,而参数前沿法主要包括随机前沿法（SFA）、模糊边界法（TFA）和确定性前沿法（DFA）。通过建立模型科学对政府技术效率进行评估与测度可提高政府各个方面的科学性和有效性,从而促进政府技术效率的提高。     

股权撬动资本的魔幻表演——石油龙昌股权资产置换案剖析

作者参与过多起上市公司股权收购,深知其中奥秘,剖析此案例,正是给想进军资本市场、占领上市公司高层平台的企业家一点经验和启示。     

地方财政支农投入与农业技术效率的省际差异:1995～2011年

运用参数法中的随机前沿分析法,结合我国1995—2011年的省级面板数据,选取地方财政"一般预算支出"中的"农林水事务"支出作为代理变量,分析地方财政支农投入对农业技术效率的影响,发现地方财政支农投入对于农业技术效率以及农业产出具有显著的积极作用,财政支农投入差异是我国各省市农业技术效率差异的重要根源之一。但鉴于目前我国在中央与地方的财政分配上严重倾向于中央财政,不少省市的地方财政收入很有限,财政支农投入的数量、结构、区域分布等方面都亟待调整和完善。     

Regulation and efficiency in transition: the case of Romanian banks

Using disaggregated panel data for the period 1996–2002, this paper estimates the cost efficiency of Romanian banks and relates it to regulation implemented by the National Bank of Romania. We estimate efficiency using a model that combines the frameworks of both stochastic frontier analysis and shadow cost functions. Our results indicate that, for all types of banks, the cost of technical inefficiency decreases in the years following tightening of regulation. A significant part of this decrease can be attributed to the policy change. Overall, the short-run increase in cost due to additional regulation exceeds the benefits from reduced technical inefficiency. However, our model does not account for other benefits, besides changes in X-inefficiency, such as stability of the banking system, which may be significant.      

Exploring Voter Preferences in Cultural Policy: A Case Study for Austria

The aim of the paper is to explore the demographic, social, economic and politicaldeterminants of voting behavior in a recently held referendum on the constructionof a new theater (``Musiktheater') in the city of Linz (Upper Austria) in 2000. Itwas the first referendum on cultural policy of its kind in Austria, and it led to arejection of the proposal by a majority of the voters (59.70% of ``No' votes).Exploring the determinants of approval or disapproval of the proposition by usingfor group data in communities is thus an interesting question from an economic aswell as a political point of view. We find econometric evidence for the influence ofthe size of the population in the community, the distance of the community from thecity of Linz, income-related variables, variables denoting the economic structure ofthe community, and political variables such as the ratio of the communities' debt torevenues and voters' preferences in the last national election.     

Efficiency and Equity in Natural Resources Pricing: A Proposal for Urban Water Distribution Service

This paper focuses on the design of optimal prices for urban water distribution service. In this context, pricing should be aimed at achieving efficiency, equity, financial aspects, and/or public acceptability and transparency. The proposed tariffs are based on the theoretical frameworks suggested by Ramsey (1927) and Feldstein (1972). As a prior step, estimations of urban water demands and water costs are carried out for the Spanish municipality of Seville. Finally, an empirical comparison, in welfare terms, is conducted between the proposed tariffs and those applicable in the year 2000.     

经济增长的技术效率及其影响因素研究——以四川省为例

运用2000—2010年数据,基于对数型柯布—道格拉斯生产函数的随机前沿模型,对四川省区域经济增长效率及其影响因素进行研究。结果表明,四川省经济增长主要靠劳动力驱动,平均技术效率水平较低,经济处于规模报酬递减状态,且其区域差异有扩大的趋势。而基础设施建设和科研投入对经济增长效率具有促进作用,金融机构的贷款业务和政府财政支出对效率的提高具有抑制作用。     

Efficiency in Crime Prevention: A Case Study of the Lisbon Precincts

This paper analyzes the technical efficiency of the Lisbon police precincts in order to investigate its performance. A stochastic cost frontier model is used to generate efficiency scores, assuming that efficiency is time varying. It investigates its efficiency and finds that the results are, at best, mixed since the efficient scores are low and not time varying. Therefore, an alteration of management procedures is proposed in order to enable efficiency to be increased based on a governance–environment framework.Financial support from Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia/MCT under FCT/POCTI partially funded by FEDER is gratefully appreciated. The authors also thank the participants at the International Atlantic Economic Conference in Lisbon, Portugal, March 10–13, 2004 for helpful comments. For our mistakes, the usual disclaimer applies.     

Production Efficiency in the South African Banking Sector: A Stochastic Analysis

Econometric estimates of the level of efficiency at bank branches are likely to provide detailed insight into the overall level of efficiency in banking. Therefore this paper uses Bayesian stochastic frontier analysis to assess the production efficiency of 61 bank branches in the nine provinces of the Republic of South Africa. We find that every branch is operating at increasing returns to scale and that the level of production efficiency of bank branches is lower than it could be. We also find that at current levels of output, on average, bank branches can reduce their costs by about 17% if they improve the level of efficiency. In addition, we find that Gauteng Province has the lowest average level of returns to scale, while the Free State Province has the highest average level of the nine provinces. In addition, via estimates of the posterior mean for shares and price elasticities, we find that the price of capital is the largest predicted proportion of costs. These findings suggest that bank branches could also obtain cost reductions by increasing the level of output. Regulatory policy reforms and competitive incentives to enable banks to meet this objective should be encouraged.     

内陆港口物流竞争力培养刍议——以重庆为例

坚持对外开放,着力提高开放型经济水平,对于促进重庆市国民经济又好又快发展具有重要现实意义。港口物流发展是重庆作为内陆开放城市的重要基础和关键环节,把重庆物流成本与物流效率作为突破口显得尤为重要。文章比较分析了当前影响重庆水路运输和航空运输外贸物流成本和物流效率的因素,提出相关政策建议,希望对重庆改善外向型经济发展环境,发展港口物流,提高区域经济吸引和辐射能力起到有益参考。     

城乡公共服务统筹治理的制度分析——以国家统筹城乡试验区成都市为例

面对日趋扩大的城乡差距,改变原来缩小城乡差距就是缩小城乡收入差距的既有思路,代之以还应包括缩小城乡公共服务差距的新认识。通过城乡公共服务的统筹治理,完善农村公共服务体系,增强农村公共服务供给能力,最终实现城乡之间的协调发展、平衡发展和平等发展。本文以国家统筹城乡综合配套改革试验区成都市为例,对城乡公共服务统筹治理与制度创新作出分析探讨,认为应从完善地方立法、改革地方财政制度、扩大政府购买服务以及调整政府政绩评价方法来推动城乡基本公共服务均等化。     

私募股权投资基金薪酬合约的激励机制研究

利用合约经济学的分析方法研究私募股权投资基金的薪酬合约,我们发现:在不对称信息下创业投资家的道德风险会造成显著的代理成本.并且私募基金管理的代理成本与创业投资家的能力、风险厌恶程度以及私募股权投资基金投资组合的风险正相关;同时我们发现在私募股权投资基金的薪酬合约中引入创业板市场的景气状况作为投资组合收益的基准可显著提高创业投资家的努力激励,并显著降低私募股权投资基金管理的代理成本.     

高校系级教学管理工作经济模式的职能定位

教学工作是高等学校的中心工作,而教学管理工作是保障高校教学工作正常运行的重要内容,是高校管理工作的重要环节。对于新建本科院校,应该选择“院～系”两级教学管理模式,实现管理中心的下移,由系部承担起微观层面的教学管理职能。系级教学管理在大学教学管理中处于基层教学管理的地位,具有组织、协调、指导、监督、档案与凝聚等多方面的功能。系级教学管理必须突出重点,搞好制度和管理队伍建设。     

股权分置改革与IPO配置效率的实证研究

本文采用规范研究和实证研究相结合的方法,对股权分置改革对我国A股市场IPO效率的影响进行了深入的研究。本文发现,股权分置下新股供给限制、流通股的流动性溢价、二级市场价格控制,使得新股二级市场价格系统性偏离了发行公司的内在价值。对股权分置改革前后IPO样本的回归分析显示,股权分置改革前我国新股发行定价反映的公司内在价值信息相对有限,而股权分置改革后新股发行定价更加合理,因而股权分置改革有效地提高了IPO配置效率。     

不完全合约与履约障碍——以订单农业为例

本文用不完全合约理论分析了我国农产品销售合约的问题 ,解释了我国农产品销售合约履约率低的内在原因———合约的不完全性 ,进而论述了产生于不同原因的两种具有本质区别的不完全性 :“通常意义上的”不完全性和“注定”不完全性 ,探讨了由此适用于这两种不完全性的不同解决方案和制度安排。对前一种情况 ,可以采取市场和行政、法律的手段 ;而对于后一种情况 ,经济学和法律均没有更好的解决方案。本文重点讨论了后一种合约的约因、缔约条件、履约失败和制度安排 ,并由此引出了由不完全合约所产生的对法律合约理论的进一步思考。本文还就合约双方的市场风险承担问题得出了一个重要的结论 :合约双方并非因为签约就将风险完全地转移给了另一方 ,在应该免责的情况下 ,合约双方应该共同承担市场风险。