甘肃省城市化发展现状与制度创新研究

国内外的经济发展史表明,城市化进程与经济发展是一个互动的过程。文章基于对甘肃省城市化发展现状的基本判断,指出在当前的社会经济发展环境下积极推进城市化的战略意义。在简要分析城市化发展过程中所遇到困难的基础之上,提出甘肃省推进城市化需要一系列的制度创新：一是改革传统的户籍制度。推行信息化管理;二是完善现行的土地制度,建立和完善社会保障制度;三是建立有利于城市化发展的产业集群和政策环境：四是深化城市管理体制改革。树立经营城市的理念。     

户籍对价、劳动力迁移与土地流转

土地流转的根本目的在于社会经济发展方式的转变,需要城市化的大力发展,劳动力迁移和土地流转是城市化发展的一个重要环节。然而,在中国目前的制度约束下,户籍制度成为劳动力迁移的退出和进入壁垒。户籍制度之所以成为城市化的一个障碍,就在于附着于其上的福利价值,所以,要消除这一障碍必须交换其福利价值。本文认为,在农村劳动力城市化迁移中,通过户籍对价来解决迁移劳动力的土地退出和城市安置,不仅能够鼓励劳动力迁移,而且也有利于土地流转。这是一种可行的户籍改革措施和城市化的发展策略。     

制度分割下的农村劳动力流动过程的宏观效应分析

在不同的制度环境下，农村劳动力迁移流动的过程显示不同的阶段性特征。以中国经济体制转轨和社会转型为背景，对农村劳动力向城市流动的阶段性过程进行划分；并对由户籍制度与土地制度所产生劳动力流动过程的阶段性特征的原因进行阐述，提出相关的制度变革建议，以期为实现平稳和持续的城市化、非农化创造所需要的制度环境。     

土地流转、户籍制度改革与中国城市化:理论与模拟

本文试图建立一个统一的理论框架,在考虑到劳动力异质性的基础上分析土地制度、户籍制度和城市化的关系。为此,本文构建一个包含农村和城市两类异质劳动力以及农村和城市两类区域用地的内生城市化模型,引入土地流转和人口迁移的限制,研究土地制度和户籍制度改革对城市化和居民福利的影响。模型理论分析表明:(1)在严格的土地控制和户籍限制下,只有拥有较高人力资本的农村劳动力会迁往城市;(2)无论是允许土地流转还是户籍制度松绑,将有更多农村劳动力迁往城市,城市劳动力产出增加,农村劳动力福利大幅改善,城市劳动力的福利仅有少许下降,城市化率提高。反事实检验发现:允许1单位农村"宅基地"流转置换为0.5单位城市建设用地,则2000年和2011年城市化率比实际值分别提高1个和2.5个百分点;若劳动力摩擦程度整体下降0.3个单位,则2000年城市化率比真实值提高2个百分点,2011年提高3个百分点。本文的政策启示为:土地流转和户籍制度松绑的联合改革能够加快中国城市化进程及促进城市化红利的共享。     

中国小农农地产权制度变迁与现代转变

中国小农农地产权制度变迁形成了极强的路径依赖性,小农农地产权制度赋予了农民一定土地权益.但其不利于现代社会化生产,趋于强化二元经济结构的锁定状态.土地承包制实际是传统小农农地产权制度路径的回归,其在一定产权效率下促进了农村经济发展,但土地承包制的产权制度约束了城乡一体化发展,而推进农地产权的资本化改革,促进农地市场化、规模化运作是农地产权现代转变的根本途径.所以要推进小农农地产权制度的现代转变还须进行产权界定保护、政府职能转变、市场机制构建、户籍制度改革和社保体系健全等配套制度建设.     

农地征收补偿标准的困境解析与机制设计——基于信息不对称下的一个讨价还价框架

土地征收是我国农地城市化的唯一途径,而农地征收补偿标准在大规模土地城市化浪潮中争论尤多。补偿标准核定可以理解为信息不对称下的定价行为,但是在中国,这种信息不对称问题在土地制度和征收制度下陷入困境而不能得到解决。传统农地年产值补偿法和区片综合地价无法满足居民户的激励相容条件和参与性约束条件。孙中山提出的地价核定方式为解决信息不对称问题提供了思路,即实现信息揭示的直接机制。所以,解决中国农地征收补偿问题在技术层面上可以改革补偿方式,设计一种直接显示机制,不过在制度上的根本出路在于改革土地产权制度和征收制度,即明晰土地产权,恢复居民退出权,保证居民出价权,提高居民评价能力,实现土地要素的市场配置。     

黑龙江省城市化过程中农地制度与农民社会保障制度的影响分析

20世纪90年代中期以来,随着中国城市化进程的快速发展,渐进式改革所带来的矛盾开始凸显。城市扩张对于农村土地的占用致使大量农民失去土地,且由于不合理的征地制度未得到合理、有效的补偿,大量进城农民工由于被排斥在城市社会保障制度之外而成为"弱势群体",而以土地保障功能为主的均分的农地制度安排使他们很难切断与农村土地的关系,只能采取"离乡不放土、迁移不迁居"的迁移模式。改革开放30年来,黑龙江省城市化进程发展迅速,但是快速城市化过程中也存在着农业资源(土地、劳动力等)转移与农民权益保护的冲突,它反映出我国现行的城乡分割的农地制度、社会保障制度已不能适应城市化快速、协调发展的要求,农地制度、社会保障制度改革势在必行。     

河北省城市地价管理存在的问题与对策

地价是在土地所有权或使用权流转的基础上产生的 ,是土地资产在土地市场中转移土地权力的衡量标准。地价管理政策则是政府在一定的社会经济条件下为规范土地市场中的交易行为 ,调控土地市场中的地价变化规律 ,维护土地市场稳定 ,保护土地所有者和使用者合法权益而制订的一系列管理措施。在由传统计划经济向社会主义市场经济转轨过程中 ,我国土地市场从无到有 ,相继制订了一系列相关的城市土地地价管理政策 ,但是在实际执行过程中 ,仍有许多不完善之处 ,需要在工作中加以改进。一、存在问题１ 经济适用房建设征用农地。一般情况下 ,经济适用…     

我国现行农地制度对城市化进程的制约因素分析

文章阐述了农地制度,即农地所有权制度、农地经营权制度和农地流转制度与城市化之间的内在联系,并对我国现行农地制度中存在的缺陷对城市化进程形成的制约因素进行了分析,提出了明晰强化农地集体所有制,稳定土地承包经营权,完善农地流转制度,改革农地征用制度,妥善安置失地农民,有效地促进农村剩余劳动力转移,加快城市化进程的战略措施。     

美国的土地发展权与农地保护——城市化进程中农地保护的一种借鉴

城市蔓延和农地的快速消失,是战后美国经济发展的一个负面效应。在控制城市蔓延和保护农地的过程中,美国多数州选择了土地发展权作为政策性工具并取得了明显的效果。本文就土地发展权转让的基本思想和运作思路作了说明,并在此基础上分析了对我国城市化进程中农地保护的启示。     

Policy mechanism choice for environmental management by non-commercial “lifestyle” rural landholders

For some environmental assets in rural areas, the landholders who are having the biggest impact are people with small holdings and an emphasis on lifestyle rather than commercial gains from their land. This paper aims to better understand the motivations and likely responses to policy for lifestyle landholders in Australia, in order to assess which policy mechanisms, if any, are likely to be most efficiently used to influence their land management. Through face-to-face interviews, we find that lifestyle landholders have important differences from commercial farmers, including much smaller properties, a stronger interest in environmental outcomes, a lack of land-management skills and a lack of time for land-management activities. From the perspective of environmental policy programs, engaging with lifestyle landholders is likely to involve higher transaction costs, and there are likely to be higher learning and transition costs per unit area. A framework for selection of policy tools is modified to take account of these findings. It is concluded that the prospects for worthwhile public investments in land-use changes by lifestyle landholders are lower than for commercial landholders.     

Applying input-output analysis to scenario analysis of ecological footprints

Application of input-output analysis to ecological footprints (EFs) is shifting from an ex-post static calculation toward an ex-ante scenario analysis for enhancing the policy relevance of EF analysis. This change in application prompts two issues requiring careful examination: (1) what is measured by Leontief inverses or extended environmental Leontief inverses, and (2) whether a sector's land multiplier (or compositions of land multiplier) can appropriately reflect the effect of delivering one unit of the sector's output to final demand on the required area(s) of production lands used by the sector itself and by other producing sectors whose products are contributed directly and indirectly to its production. The underlying message of these two questions is whether the assumed linear marginal relationship between a sector's output and its intermediate inputs (input-output coefficients)—a critical assumption made by W. Leontief to transform a transactions table from an accounting framework into the input-output model—can be extended to assume that the marginal relationship between a sector's output and the area of production land it uses for generating output is fixed (land-output marginal coefficient equal to average coefficient). By reviewing the literature on input-output analysis and its application to environmental issues and by theoretically and empirically examining the relation between sector output and land appropriation, this study advises against the use of land multipliers or their compositions in the EF scenario analysis.To apply the input-output model to EF scenario analysis for enhancing policy relevance with due attention to the relationship between sector output and land appropriation, this study suggests a two-stage EF calculation procedure. In the first stage, the input-output application estimates only the required raw materials (or generated pollutants) for meeting a given consumption pattern, which is the objective of environmental input-output analysis; in the second stage, the estimated amount of raw materials or pollutants is converted into land/water area, and a choice of conversion methods is suggested according to the research questions and the availability of conversion methods and required data.     

Success factors for sustainable urban brownfield development: A comparative case study approach to polluted sites

In the context of sustainable city planning, we observe in recent years an increasing policy interest in urban environmental quality management in relation to land use. The potential for sustainable land use solutions in urban areas is often severely hampered by the existence of unacceptably high levels of soil pollution. The present paper aims to identify the critical success factors for an effective clean-up policy for these areas. After a review of issues, backgrounds and prospects, the paper attempts to offer a qualitative impact assessment model, which encapsulates an expert system for brownfield development in relation to clean-up targets for polluted sites. Next, a case study approach to various soil pollution cases in The Netherlands is carried out to test the feasibility of the above-mentioned analytical framework. A subsequent step consists of the use of modern meta-analytic techniques for comparative research and research synthesis in order to trace the drivers of failure or success in brownfield development policy in urban areas. The particular method employed here, rough set analysis, appears to be able to identify the conditions—in terms of packages of drivers—under which such urban policies are likely to be successful.     

Integrating Sex and Drugs into the Principles Course: Market-Failures Versus Failures-of-Market Outcomes

The author's central argument in this article is that the current micro principles course is structured around an approach to policy that avoids many of the controversial but central issues of policy. These include (1) the interplay of moral issues and efficiency, (2) questions of consumer sovereignty, and (3) questions of the interrelation between measures of efficiency and income distribution. The current market-failure organizing framework of microeconomics principles textbooks excludes discussion of a broader set of failures of market outcomes: situations in which the market is doing everything it is supposed to be doing, but society is still unhappy with the result. The author suggests a dual market-failure and failure-of-market-outcome policy framework that encourages discussion of these broader issues.     

Policy issues raised by direct broadcast satellites

Direct Broadcast Satellites, which transmit television programs directly to the viewer's home, present several policy issues that will have to be resolved during the next few years. Some of these issues transcend DBS, hence they must be resolved in a larger framework. Those that exist essentially within the framework of DBS include issues at the program producer's end, issues at the viewer's end, and technology issues. These latter are particularly important because inappropriate or unwise policy choices made now may nullify the benefits promised by improved technology.     

农地分配中的性别平等问题

本文借助于 1 996年对山西农村抽样调查数据的统计分析 ,论证我国农村土地分配中的性别平等虽然在法律上和经济制度上得到保障 ,但是这些制度在细节上的漏洞 ,使离婚妇女缺少地权保障 ,错过村社土地调整机会的婚嫁迁移妇女及其子女暂时无地。这种现象虽然还没有对妇女在家庭内部的谈判地位产生显著影响 ,却足以使她们的家庭陷入贫困。因此 ,有必要在现行土地管理法和政府有关农地承包的规定中添加性别视角。     

An application of DPSIR framework to identify issues of pollinator loss

This paper is an attempt to apply the Driving forces–Pressures–State–Impact–Responses (DPSIR) framework to identify the issues of pollinator loss. The linkages between the significant pressures on insect pollinators, their underlying socio-economic driving forces and responses, with the focus on Europe, are addressed in the study. A review of literature revealed the shortage of empirical studies that prove direct links between policy responses and specific pressures on the pollinators. Based on written evidence and expert judgement, land use practices and the use of agrochemicals were regarded as the most significant pressures on different functional groups of pollinators. As demonstrated in the study, agricultural and rural development policy has been the key driving force of these pressures. The application of the DPSIR framework proved to be useful in identifying the pathway of human pressures on pollinators. The study also concludes that there is further need for specific empirical research on the effects and effectiveness of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) measures (agri-environment measures in particular) to support farming practices that facilitate the protection of the environment and the prevention of pollinator loss.     

International support of climate change policies in developing countries: Strategic, moral and fairness aspects

International transfers in climate policy channeled from the industrialized to the developing world either support the mitigation of climate change or the adaptation to global warming. From a purely allocative point of view, transfers supporting mitigation tend to be Pareto-improving whereas this is not very likely in the case of adaptation support. We illustrate this by regarding transfer schemes currently applied under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto framework.However, if we enrich the analysis by integrating distributional aspects, we find that international adaptation funding may help both the developing and developed world. Interestingly this is not due to altruistic incentives, but due to follow-up effects on international negotiations on climate change mitigation. We argue that the lack of fairness perceived by developing countries in the international climate policy arena can be reduced by the support of adaptation in these countries. As we show - taking into account different fairness concepts - this might raise the prospects of success in international negotiations on climate change. Yet, we find that the influence of transfers may induce different fairness effects on climate change mitigation negotiations to run counter.We discuss whether current transfer schemes under the UNFCCC and the Kyoto framework adequately serve the distributive and allocative objectives pursued in international climate policy.     

规模经济、规模报酬与农业适度规模经营——基于我国粮食生产的实证研究

有关规模经营的问题一直是学术界和政府部门关注的热点问题之一。本文基于一个随机抽样的来自我国粮食主产区5省100个村庄1049个农户的实地调查数据,分别从投入产出和生产成本两个不同的角度全面考察了我国主要粮食作物品种生产规模经济的存在性。实证研究表明,在考虑土地细碎化的影响后,我国粮食生产总体上而言规模报酬不变。由此可见,如果政府单纯出于提高粮食产量的目的而大规模推行规模经营的政策显然是不可取的。同时发现,除粳稻外,扩大土地经营规模对单位产量生产总成本均有显著的负面影响。而在其他条件不变的情况下,成本降低与经济效益提高实质上是一致的。因此,农业经营规模的扩大有利于促进农民增收。     

Valuation of ecosystem services from rural landscapes using agricultural land prices

Agricultural lands, primarily managed for crops and livestock production, provide various ecosystem services (ES) to people. In theory, the economic value of the service flows that can be captured privately is capitalized into land prices. This study proposes an integrative framework to characterize the ecosystem services associated with agricultural lands. Using that framework, we demonstrate how hedonic analysis of agricultural land prices can be used to estimate the private values of land-based ES. The model is estimated with data from southwestern Michigan, USA. Results suggest that ES values are associated with lakes, rivers, wetlands, forests and conservation lands in rural landscapes. Ecosystem services that support direct use values, such as recreational and aesthetic services, are likely to be perceived by land owners and capitalized in land prices. Some regulating services that provide indirect use values may be partially capitalized in a land parcel's relationship to natural resources and landscapes. Other ES from the land parcel and its surroundings are unlikely to be capitalized due to lack of private incentives, unawareness, or small perceived value. The private ES values measured in this study highlight opportunities to design cost-effective public policies that factor in the value of private benefits from agricultural lands.