基于公允价值计量的衍生金融工具的会计风险探析——以中国建设银行股份有限公司为例

本文首先介绍在新会计准则中,衍生金融工具的公允价值计量的方法和原则。在此基础上,以中国建设银行股份有限公司为例,重点分析基于公允价值计量的衍生金融工具在会计确认、会计计量和会计信息披露中可能产生的风险。最后,提出了防范衍生金融工具使用公允价值计量的会计风险的方法。     

关于衍生金融工具的会计处理

为了规避和减少市场风险，衍生金融工具逐渐成为众多国际套利基金和金融机构的重要获利手段。在衍生金融工具的会计处理中，其计量是核心问题。由于金融市场充满极大的不确定性，会计对其风险的监控就尤为重要。自此，衍生金融工具的表内、表外披露问题日益突出。总之，衍生金融工具及所产生的会计问题无论在理论界还是实务界都尤为重要。     

衍生金融工具会计问题研究

由于衍生金融工具不符合传统会计理论有关资产和负债的确认条件，而长期被作为表外业务处理。随着衍生金融工具交易的迅猛发展，需要突破传统会计对会计要素的界定，确认衍生金融资产和负债，将其从表外处理变为表内处理。为适合其特点，衍生金融工具的会计确认，分为初始确认、后续确认和终止确认，其会计计量应采用公允价值计量。为维持企业外部利害关系人的利益，对重大的衍生金融工具交易信息应予披露。     

衍生金融工具的会计问题研究

由于衍生金融工具区别于传统会计对象的特征,导致目前的会计行业出现了一些问题,在办公过程中,核心理念还不是深入人心.在对衍生金融工具的概念和特点介绍的基础上,提出需要研究的问题,即衍生金融工具的计量、确认、披露等问题.运用比较分析法和案例分析法对衍生金融工具会计问题的原因进行分析,并针对我国衍生金融工具会计问题的提出解决对策.目前我国衍生金融工具会计准则会计方面还存在着不小问题,因此会计准则和金融工具会计的改善迫在眉睫.     

会计模式下衍生金融工具风险的VaR披露研究

衍生金融工具易带来巨大的风险,如何有效地披露这些风险,一直是国内外学者研究的热点.本文在深入研究了VaR模型在国内外衍生金融工具风险披露运用状况的基础上,提出了我国会计体系披露衍生金融工具VaR风险的建议,从而对我国衍生金融工具的风险管理具有一定借鉴意义.     

我国衍生金融工具与会计问题

衍生金融工具，由于其交易的杠杆性，成为游离于传统财务报表之外的巨大潜在风险源，并对传统的历史成本会计体系提出挑战，针对这一问题，IASC和美国FASB在衍生金融工具采用公允价值会计，我国尚未制定衍生金融工具会计准则，鉴于我国的帝际情况，对衍生金融工具交易，建议可以实行表内历史成本计量，表外披露公允价值及其他相关信息的会计处理。     

衍生金融工具条件下的会计要素观念

由于衍生金融工具所具有的特点,传统会计要素的确认标准受到明显的冲击,财务报告的相关性、有效性也被极大削弱。国际会计界试图为衍生金融工具制定统一的准则,以规范和指导衍生金融工具的会计实务工作,并取得了一些阶段性的成果。本文从一笔航空业界很普通的飞机购销远期合约出发,引发对衍生金融工具特点的思考,分析和阐述了衍生金融工具在会计确认、会计计量和会计信息披露等方面对传统会计的影响,以及国际上的会计准则的应对策略。     

基于公允价值的衍生金融工具会计计量研究

<正>一、引言近年来,随着我国金融市场不断发展,满足交易主体规避市场风险、降低筹资成本的衍生金融工具交易量日益扩大。衍生金融工具准确的会计计量成为当今会计界研究的重要课题。由于衍生金融工具的特殊性,传统的以历史成本为计量属性的会计计量缺陷逐渐显露,已难以适应其会计计量,以公允价值为计量属性的衍生金融工具计量开始引起人们的广泛关注。一直以来我国对公允价值计量采取谨慎态度,随着我国会计准则的改革,公允价值计量属性开始应用于我国的会计计量中,特别是在衍生金融工具会计计量中。然而,美国次贷危机的爆发对公允价值在衍生金融工具的计量适用性提出质疑,金融界认为公允价值计量加剧了金融危机,主张废除公允价值,以避免全球性的金融危机。公允价     

我国衍生金融工具会计风险防范探析

随着金融市场的不断发展,金融衍生工具不断创新,已经成为当今国际资本市场不可或缺的重要部分。同时,金融衍生工具的会计确认、计量以及信息披露等都存在一定的风险,也给规避风险带来了挑战。我国2006年颁布的会计准则没有对内容工具的信息披露等做出专门的规定．只是套用针对所有金融工具的准则和规定。本文针对新的国际金融市场特征和新的会计准则．分析了衍生金融工具的风险类型及其特征,以及其能利用会计监管手段加强风险规避等问题。     

我国衍生金融工具会计风险防范探析

随着金融市场的不断发展,金融衍生工具不断创新,已经成为当今国际资本市场不可或缺的重要部分。同时,金融衍生工具的会计确认、计量以及信息披露等都存在一定的风险,也给规避风险带来了挑战。我国2006年颁布的会计准则没有对内容工具的信息披露等做出专门的规定,只是套用针对所有金融工具的准则和规定。本文针对新的国际金融市场特征和新的会计准则,分析了衍生金融工具的风险类型及其特征,以及其能利用会计监管手段加强风险规避等问题。     

Financial instruments in non-financial firms: what do we know?

Accounting for financial instruments is one of the most controversial standard setting issues. Attempts by standard setters to expand the scope of fair value measurement provoked fierce opposition from preparers, in particular from the financial industry but also, albeit less frequently and less scathingly, from non-financial firms. Academic research could help to bring the discussion onto a more objective level. Most of the existing research focuses on the financial industry and uses US disclosure data from the 1990s. More recent papers use recognition and measurement data from IFRS financial statements, again primarily from the financial industry. This paper provides novel evidence on the relevance of financial instruments for non-financial firms of the STOXX Europe 600 Index. The results in particular refute the myths that fair value measurement of financial instruments is pervasive and that many fair value measurements are of the problematic ‘level 3’ quality. The empirical evidence forms the background for a survey of the small body of existing research on the effects of accounting standards relating to financial instruments on non-financial firms. This survey covers research on the effects on risk management, on the volatility of cash flows and earnings, on earnings management and on the effects on user decisions. Both in the empirical sections and in the survey sections, I identify a number of areas for further research to overcome the poor current state of knowledge.     

或有表外项目的分类和计量研究

2001～2002年，大量的重大会计丑闻曝光，这些问题暴露了公司治理、审计实务和财务报告中的薄弱环节，其中两个主要问题是表外项目的范围（包括特殊目的实体的使用）和股票发行者的财务报告是否透明地反映了表外项目的经济实质。本文主要对或有表外项目中投资的分娄和计量进行兮析，并提供了美国上市公司投资于其他实体的经验研究与发现，以期对今后的衍生金融工具的会计处理提供借鉴。     

金融衍生产品运用的案例分析及启示

金融衍生工具运用的正反事例告诉我们,衍生工具既会导致重大损失,也能为企业实施战略发挥突出作用。提高国内企业对金融衍生工具的运用能力,既是顺应后危机时代财务管理变革新趋势的需要,也能帮助企业增强对经营环境变化的适应能力。该文从厘清衍生产品运用原则及策略、注重流动性管理、防范模型风险等方面,就正确运用金融衍生工具提出建议。     

The Usefulness of Financial Reporting in Spanish Local Governments

Since 1992, accounting for Spanish local governments has been undergoing substantial change. The application of a new regulation has introduced the double entry system, an approximation to the accounting terminology used in the private sector and the presentation of financial statements beyond the purely budgetary reporting. In this context, the paper attempts to examine the extent to which the new regulation has achieved the objectives of financial reporting, who the users of the information could be, what the usefulness of the financial statements is and what they are used for in local governments. The results prove that the financial reporting of local governments can be useful for potential users like audit institutions, financial institutions or creditors. However, there is a long way to go before we can say that the information is used to the maximum. This implies that further progress is necessary in the use of financial information in local governments, and fundamentally it is necessary to introduce techniques of financial analysis traditionally used in business entities.     

基于会计视角的衍生金融工具特征分析

本文从会计角度出发，对新企业会计准则衍生金融工具的含义进行了思考和研究，通过研究概括出衍生金融工具的特征，从不同的角度和针对不同的相关者，提出了相关的启示和建议。在“悖逆性特征”中，本文指出了目前衍生金融工具的要素确认和基本会计准则在理论上的冲突，并提出了进一步完善的意见。     

Financial Statements and Positive Accounting Theory: The Early Contribution of Aldo Amaduzzi

This paper examines some of the accounting ideas that were developed in the late 1940s by an Italian professor, Aldo Amaduzzi, with regards to positive accounting studies and the content of financial statements. The paper briefly reviews the aim, methodological assumptions and key findings of the so-called 'positive accounting theory' based on the works of the Rochester school of accounting. A content analysis of the early work of Amaduzzi, in relation to his view that the contents of financial statements can be seen as the equilibrium outcome of a conflict of interests between corporate stakeholders, shows that many of the methodological issues on accounting theory stressed by the 'Rochester school of accounting' were raised by Amaduzzi (1947, 1949). The paper concludes that although some key differences between the two approaches do exist, Amaduzzi may be considered as a forerunner of positive accounting theory.     

《金融工具确认和计量》准则对基金投资的影响

现行会计准则体系中《金融工具确认和计量》准则首次对金融工具的确认和计量做出了相关规定。本文分析了该准则对基金投资可能产生的影响，认为一方面公允价值计量模式将引起基金估值的变化，另一方面公允价值变动可能引起基金分红规模的扩大，这对基金投资者的影响是显而易见的。本文结合这两方面的影响对基金投资提出了相关建议。     

公允价值会计涉及的三个层次基本理论问题

本文认为公允价值计量模式是与财务报告的决策有用性目标相一致的,如果财务报告决策有用性的目标不能被推翻,则公允价值计量模式不会被取消。但是公允价值计量模式在短期内不会成为唯一的计量模式,21世纪将是混合计量模式的时代。既然混合计量模式将是未来相当长时期内的主要会计计量模式,那么各财务报表项目采用何种计量属性应以财务报表需达到的质量要求为判断依据,采用公允价值计量的项目应提高其信息质量。     

IFRS framework-based case study: DaimlerChrysler – Adopting IFRS accounting policies

This instructional case applies a framework-based approach to explore the concept of comparability in financial reporting and retrospective application of new accounting policies. The DaimlerChrysler (DC) case provides an opportunity for you to research key financial reporting concepts, analyze accounting policy differences between U.S. GAAP and IFRS, determine adjustments necessary to convert financial statements from U.S. GAAP to IFRS, and compute and discuss key ratio impacts following financial statement conversion. This case demonstrates that transitioning to IFRS is more than an accounting issue; it provides opportunities for financial restructuring (e.g., Daimler’s amendments to pension plans and its 2007 sale of Chrysler). It also illustrates the importance of professional judgment when initially adopting IFRS accounting policies. Also, despite FASB and IASB convergence efforts, you learn that most of the key differences between U.S. GAAP and IFRS identified in DC’s reconciliations continue today. This case helps you to: (1) develop skills to interpret and apply the requirements on first-time adoption of IFRS to a real-world setting; (2) research key differences between U.S. GAAP and IFRS and their effects on the financial statements and ratios; and (3) understand significant impacts of the transition to IFRS on businesses and financial statements. Completing the case develops your critical thinking and research/technological skills.     

The double entry structural constraint on the econometric estimation of accounting variables

ABSTRACT

This paper develops a structural system for estimating accounting variables, within which the deterministic relationships inherent in financial statement articulation are clearly defined in the econometric model. The key proposition of the paper lies in the treatment of the financial statements as a matrix of codetermined information constrained by double entry, where the expected value of each of the individual items that comprise the financial statements will be mirrored elsewhere in the system with a different sign. Given that the change in net operating assets shares the same variation as the change in net financial claims, it is shown, by formally identifying the articulation, that empirical application will yield increased precision and improved efficiency by comparison to the more traditional methods that fail to specify the structural double entry property.