Environmental Enforcement with Endogenous Ambient Monitoring

We consider an inspection game between n polluting firms and an environmental enforcement agency. If the cost of monitoring ambient pollution is low enough, the optimal inspection policy consists in imposing the maximal possible fine, and mixing between observing ambient pollution and not conducting any inspection at all. However, with stringent upper limits on the fine, the agency mixes between observing ambient pollution and inspecting all firms. The observation of ambient pollution is always followed by sequentially rational firm inspections. Comparisons with Franckx (2002a, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 43, 71–92, 2002b, Topics in Economic Analysis Policy 2(1), Article 1) show that commitment power has a very strong impact on the value of prior information.     

Patent Enforcement, Innovation and Welfare

This paper analyzes how the Southern patent enforcement affects the Northern firm's choice of licensing, subsidiary production or exports for serving the Southern market, and the innovation rate in the North and ultimately the welfare in the South. We show that for imperfect patent enforcement, licensing contract leads to more innovation in the North relative to subsidiary or exports. When both subsidiary and exports are very costly options, no patent enforcement in the South is best for the South. However, when either subsidiary operation or exports can be organized cheaply, the Southern government chooses some positive degree of patent enforcement. We also establish that strengthening of patent enforcement in the South may lead to more licensing and less subsidiary operations or exports.     

我国证券市场执法活动对股市参与影响的实证研究

利用我国31个省(直辖市、自治区)2000～2006年的面板数据,采用一阶差分广义矩阵法(GMM)实证研究我国证券市场执法活动对股市参与的影响。研究发现:单就投资者利益保护而言,强化以法院为中心的执法活动更能达到保护中小股东利益的目的,而以监管机构为中心的执法活动对于引导公众的行为没有显著作用;投机性太强、对市场和公司缺乏正确解读是导致大量股民长期被深度套牢的重要原因。这些结论可以为我国股票市场现阶段的改革与发展提供一定的参考作用。     

Border Enforcement and Selection of Mexican Immigrants in the United States

Abstract

Since 1986, the United States has made considerable efforts to curb undocumented immigration across the US–Mexico border, resulting in an increase in migration costs for undocumented immigrants from Mexico and placing a particularly heavy burden on undocumented immigrant women. Using data from the 1990, 2000 Decennial Census and the 2006–8 American Community Survey, this study finds three effects of rising migration costs for immigrants from Mexico: (1) A decrease in the relative flow of older and highly educated undocumented immigrant women relative to men; (2) An increase in the skill composition of immigrant women relative to men; and (3) An increase, due to stronger positive selection, in the average earnings of those groups most affected by increased migration costs, particularly women. This research has important implications in light of the barriers and increasing dangers that women across the globe may face when migrating.     

Antitrust Enforcement and Nonenforcement as a Barrier to Imports – with Illustrations from the Japanese Film Dispute

The role of antitrust in opening foreign markets to imports is a strong yet often unpredictable undercurrent in international trade disputes. The U.S. government may seek to protect its exporters who are denied access to a foreign market either by enforcing U.S. antitrust laws or by using trade law remedies against the importing country for not enforcing its antitrust laws. Both actions raise issues of extraterritorial jurisdiction and comity.The primary goals of antitrust law and trade law are sometimes complementary but often diverge. Antitrust is primarily intended to benefit consumer welfare, while the purpose of trade law is to gain access to foreign markets for the benefit of domestic enterprises and their workforces. Consequently foreign market access pursued under antitrust law can raise novel issues when there is no apparent injury to domestic consumer welfare suffers from too little competition, whereas trade law pursue market access strictly as principles of fairness that have no necessary relationship with consumer welfare anywhere.This paper examines two aspects of antitrust law – (1) non-enforcement by the importing country, and (2) enforcement of U.S. law to compel access to the foreign market – and discusses the current dispute between Eastman Kodak Co. and Fujji Photo Film Co. as an illustration of the issues introduced above.     

Incomplete Enforcement of Pollution Regulation: Bargaining Power of Chinese Factories

Only a limited number of papers haveempirically examined the determinants of themonitoring and enforcement activities performedby the environmental regulator. Moreover, mostof these studies have taken place in thecontext of developed countries. In this paper,we empirically examine the determinants of theenforcement of pollution charges in China.More precisely, we seek to identify thecharacteristics which may give firms more orless bargaining power with local environmentalauthorities pertaining to the enforcement(collection) of pollution charges. Firms fromthe private sector appear to have lessbargaining power than state-owned enterprises.Firms facing an adverse financial situationalso appear to have more bargaining power.Finally, we also show that the higher thesocial impact of a firm's emissions (asmeasured by the presence of complaints), thesmaller the bargaining power of the firms withlocal environmental authorities.     

论民事执行检察监督的有关问题

当前民事执行存在诸多问题,已经影响到了民事司法裁判的完整性。民事执行问题主要表现在执行难与执行乱两大方面,其中执行乱又加剧了执行难,而民事执行检察监督的目的和优势,决定了民事执行检察监督是摆脱这种困境的有效方式。     

Legal Principles in Antitrust Enforcement

We study antitrust enforcement that aims to channel price‐fixing incentives of cartels through setting fine schedules and detection levels. Fines obey legal principles, such as the punishment should fit the crime, proportionality, bankruptcy considerations, and minimum fines. Bankruptcy considerations limit maximum fines, ensure abnormal cartel profits, and impose a challenge for optimal antitrust enforcement. We derive the fine schedule and detection level that are constrained‐optimal under legal principles and sustainability of cartel prices. This fine schedule lies below the maximum fine, makes collusion on lower prices more attractive than on higher prices, and, hence, relates to the body of literature on marginal deterrence.     

论公安机关柔性执法

公安部门作为社会公共安全管理部门,需要通过推行柔性执法,充分发挥公安部门的职能作用。柔性执法对公安管理提出新要求,要求民警在执法过程中,必须改变以往的单纯依靠处罚手段,充分体现以人为本思想来实现社会管理职能。当前民警柔性执法在执法理念、履行职责、执法行为和队伍素质等方面还存在问题,需要通过公安部门自身的不懈努力和社会公众的良性互动来达到实现公安管理新跨越的目标。     

对当前民事执行检察监督的思考

执行工作是人民法院工作的重要组成部分,也是当事人合法权益得以保护的最终体现。通过剖析检察机关对法院民事执行监督的现实需要和优越性、制约检察机关对法院民事执行监督的因素,并结合实际提出如何加强执行监督的建议和对策,以切实推动和加强检察机关对法院民事执行的监督。     

Self-Reporting and Private Enforcement in Environmental Regulation

Self-reporting of compliance status has become a common feature in the enforcement of environmental regulation. In this paper, I generalize existing models of enforcement with self-reporting to include the possibility of private enforcement of regulation through citizen suits. This allows me to identify an additional argument for the efficiency of self-reporting: it can increase the likelihood of a successful suit and thus facilitate private enforcement of regulation. Specifically, if self-reporting sufficiently increases the expected penalty for losing a citizen suit, if the costs of private enforcement are low, and if inspection costs are high enough relative to enforcement costs, self-reporting lowers expected regulatory and social costs by allowing the regulator to rely on private enforcement and decrease his enforcement efforts.

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关键术语的法律解释对林业法实施的影响

在环境法实施过程中,不同利益主体基于自身立场对环境法做出的解释,很大程度上影响着环境公平与正义的实现。林业法的关键术语的法律解释,在林业法的实施过程中也同样具有重要影响。林业法的关键术语具有十分明显的技术性、行业性和综合性特征,因此,对林业法的关键术语做出符合林业技术规范和行业管理特点的法律解释,以及通过林业法的解释这一桥梁实现不同部门法之间的沟通,对林业法的正确实施无疑起着决定性作用。     

反垄断法私人实施的法经济学分析

反垄断法的实施分为公权实施和私人实施两种,美国反垄断法私人实施的情况比较普遍,我国传统上看重的是公权力的实施作用,而忽略私人力量对反垄断法的实施.反垄断法私人实施在经济学上要满足几个条件,如信息不对称、激励机制、成本/效益最大化.通过对美国反垄断法私人实施条件的分析,指出了我国目前反垄断法私人实施的不足和有待改进的地方,如起诉主体、激励机制的设计以及私权与公权力之间的协助关系.     

Contract-Intensive Money: Contract Enforcement, Property Rights, and Economic Performance

We introduce a new, easily accessed and objective measure of the enforceability of contracts and the security of property rights. This measure, called contract-intensive money or CIM, is based on citizens decisions regarding the form in which they choose to hold their financial assets. Country case studies show that CIM varies over time in response to political events in ways predicted by our arguments. We also show that CIM is positively related to investment and growth rates, and to the relative size of contract-dependent sectors of the economy.     

商业银行内部评级法及其实施策略探讨

2001年，巴塞尔银行监管委员会发布了《新巴塞尔资本协议》，新协议提出了一种全新的银行风险管理方法——内部评级法(IRB)。我国商业银行有否建立IRB体系的必要性，如果需要建立须克服哪些障碍，采取哪些实施策略，应成为金融界与理论界研究的重要课题。     

我国循环经济执法保障:现状、需求与对策

我国在循环经济执法过程中存在法律法规执法不具有现实操作性、执法主体林立多头、执法权力没有法律保障等问题。面对完善循环经济法律法规体系、强制权力、公众参与的循环经济执法需求,文章分析了循环经济执法现状与需求存在差距的原因,提出了加大循环经济宣传力度、提高全社会参与意识,提高执法队伍的思想素质和业务素质,明确执法部门权限、改革执法体制等对策建议。     

基于组织协同的战略实施整合模型

文章从组织协同的角度对当前流行的主要战略实施理论和模型进行了综合分析,提出战略实施的内核可以整合为战略系统、运营系统、人员系统等3大核心要素系统;同时战略实施还需要适应企业的内部生态背景和组织环境,包括4个主要因素:战略领导力、企业文化、变革管理、公司政治。成功的战略实施应该是其内核的内在一致性与组织适应性的高效统合。由此建立的战略实施整合模型对企业提高战略执行力和战略实施效果具有重要的现实指导作用。     

关于加强地方海事执法能力建设的几点思考

当前,非水网地区地方海事执法能力较弱,成为困扰发展的难题。地方海事机构要想提高执法能力和监管水平,走出困局,必须理顺管理体制,提高执法人员业务水平。     

环境执法监督与空气质量—来自中央环保督察的准自然实验证据

2016年确定的中央环保督察旨在对环境执法监督形式进行创新性改革,是中国推进生态文明建设的重大制度安排,空气质量被生态环境部纳入督察工作的重点内容.采集全国256个地级及以上城市的面板数据,利用中央环保督察这一准自然实验,使用多期双重差分法评估其对空气质量的改善效果.结果表明:中央环保督察对空气质量指数的降低发挥了显著作用,被督察省份的空气质量指数(AQI)平均下降3.184个单位;单项污染物治理效果表明,中央环保督察对PM10、SO2、O3浓度的降低有显著贡献,但对PM2.5、NO2和CO浓度的影响不显著;进一步地,运用平行趋势检验、反事实检验与倾向得分匹配检验证明回归结果的可靠性;动态效应分析发现,中央环保督察的政策效果具有滞后性,并且随着反馈意见的颁布减弱;机制检验与异质性分析结果表明,中央环保督察政策效果呈现东部、西部、中部地区逐渐减弱的现象,且中央环保督察对空气质量的影响机制中存在技术创新效应.     

生产性服务业的集成化发展战略与实施策略

生产性服务业为国民经济各个行业的发展提供服务,其规模和效率影响整个经济发展的速度和竞争力。在分析生产性服务业发展趋势及我国生产性服务业发展水平的基础上,制定了我国生产性服务业集成化发展的专业化集成、一体化集成和价值链集成等战略,并分别从政府与企业的角度提出了相应的实施策略。