对外贸易、经济增长与趋同发展——基于东盟国家1990～2009年面板数据的实证研究

本文集中研究东盟国家贸易发展、经济增长与趋同问题,并对1990～2009年间东盟国家贸易发展指标对经济增长和经济趋同的作用和影响进行实证检验。我们得出结论:在促进经济增长方面,东盟国家致力于发展外向型经济、放松管制以及AFTA等制度安排是有效的;而在推动东盟国家经济发展趋同、缩小成员国收入水平差距方面,目前东盟各国的贸易发展政策和实践却没有显示出显著的积极效应。文章首先介绍了东盟国家贸易发展的基本情况;其次分析东盟各国经济增长和发展水平及存在的差距;再次就贸易发展指标与经济增长、收入差距之间的关系进行实证检验,分析其原因;最后进行总结,并就东盟贸易和经济发展以及对世界经济的影响等问题提了几点看法。     

资本账户开放的门槛效应及路径研究

文章基于70个国家面板数据,实证检验了开放资本账户的增长效应。研究结果表明,资本账户开放具有国别差异,高收入国家开放资本账户的增长效应显著大于中低收入国家。在引入制度质量、货币政策、财政政策、对外开放度和金融发展5个初始条件指标建立动态门槛模型,研究发现,资本账户开放对经济增长的影响是非线性的,初始条件较低时资本账户开放不利于经济增长,当初始条件越过门槛值后,资本账户开放表现出积极的增长效应。结合跨境资本异质性和门槛效应,进一步发现开放直接投资的门槛最低,经济效应最大;开放债务投资的门槛最高,经济效应最小;开放股权投资的门槛效应介于前二者之间。经验分析为中国资本账户开放条件以及路径提供了参考。     

公共债务能够促进经济增长吗?

本文在对公共债务与经济增长关系的理论分析基础上,采用panel data模型,以2001～2010年OECD中19个主要国家为研究对象,进行实证分析。结果发现:第一,对经济增长贡献最大的因素是劳动,其次是资本;第二,公共债务对经济增长没有显著的影响,也不存在滞后效应;第三,在西方国家,采用何种政治制度对经济增长的影响是不显著的,但是,欧元区国家的经济增长比非欧元区国家低。     

经济结构变迁对经济增长的贡献——以上海为例的研究1980—2000

通过经济结构变迁与上海市经济增长关系的实证研究，发现了经济结构的变迁将通过影响资本效率或经济规模刺激经济增长，其中，产业结构的投资结构通过对资本效率和经济规模的双重影响刺激上海市经济增长，消费结构则仅通过资本效率来影响经济增长，而不对经济规模产生影响。     

90年代台湾在东盟国家投资趋势探讨

<正> 80年代以来,台湾对外投资步伐加快,特别是1987年7月台湾当局放宽外汇管制以来,台湾对外投资更是迅猛增长,投资地区主要是东盟国家(本文仅指泰国、马来西亚、印尼和菲律宾),美国和中国大陆。近年来,东盟国家先后大幅调整外资政策,争相吸引台资,给大陆吸引台资提出了严峻挑战,本文拟就台湾在东盟国家投资现状、特点作一分析,着重探讨90年代台湾在东盟国家投资的趋势。     

FDI、国内资本与经济增长——1987-2001年中国省际面板数据的证据

本文基于1987-2001年中国省际面板数据,运用固定效应和随机效应分析进行实证研究发现:FDI作为“投资”本身对经济增长的直接作用并不显著,但它通过促进全要素生产率的提升和“挤入”国内自身的投资,从而间接地对经济增长产生了积极作用;国有部门在全社会固定投资中占居主导地位,它对经济增长的直接促进作用是显著的,但对全要素生产率并无明显作用;私人部门投资对经济增长没有直接促进作用,对全要素生产率也无显著影响。因而,相对于国内资本来说,FDI对中国经济增长的作用具有“催化剂”的性质。     

人力资本投资结构及其对经济增长的影响——基于扩展MRW模型的内生增长理论与实证研究

本文针对已有的关于人力资本投资的理论研究往往只关注人力资本投资数量而忽视人力投资结构研究的现状,把教育和健康看作两种资本,分析了人力资本投资的具体构成形式。假设人力资本由教育资本和健康资本按照Cobb—Douglas生产技术形式组合生成。通过扩展Mankiw、Romer和Weil（1992）模型（简称MRW模型）,构建了一个新的内生经济增长模型。理论分析结果表明：人力资本投资结构制约着经济增长,人力资本积累和存量都对经济产生重要影响。最后文章以理论分析为基础构建计量经济模型,利用1978—2004年中国29个省、市、自治区的面板数据实证分析了人力资本的积累和存量以及教育资本和健康资本对中国经济增长的影响。实证结果表明较好地支持了本文的理论拓展分析。     

经济结构变迁对经济增长影响的实证研究——以辽宁省为例

本文首先用较简便的方法计算出了辽宁省的资本存量,然后通过经济结构演进和制度变迁与辽宁省经济增长关系的实证研究,发现经济结构演进和制度变迁将通过影响资本效率或经济规模刺激经济增长。其中,产业结构和投资结构通过对资本效率和经济规模双重影响刺激辽宁省经济增长,制度结构仅通过经济规模来影响经济增长。     

资本流动对河北省区域经济增长的影响研究

为研究区域资本流动对当地经济增长的影响差异,文章首先对河北省区域经济差异进行了聚类分析,将河北省划分为三大区域,在此基础上采用面板数据研究了河北省内三大区域的资本流动对经济增长的影响作用。实证结果表明,就资本流动而言,各区域促进经济增长的主要因素是有差异的,第一类区域为政府财政转移支付和外商直接投资,在经济欠发达的第二类、第三类地区为固定资产投资、政府财政转移支付和金融机构存贷差。     

财政分权与中国经济增长——基于面板数据的联立方程估计

本文将物质资本区分为私人资本与公共资本，保留劳动力变量，引入人力资本变量，并考虑产出随时间的变化，建立了一个内生增长的生产函数。在此基础上。扩展超越对数生产函数并推导出测量经济增长率的计量模型，在考虑财政分权通过影响人力资本与公共资本影响经济增长的基础上．构建研究财政分权与经济增长之间关系的联立方程模型。本文利用1995-2007年30个省级区域的面板数据，实证研究了财政分权对中国经济增长的影响，并指出了本文研究结果的现实政策含义。     

Public capital formation and labor productivity growth in Mexico

This paper addresses the important question whether public investment spending on economic infrastructure enhances economic growth and labor productivity in Mexico. Following the lead of the endogenous growth literature, it presents a modified production function which explicitly includes the positive or negative externality effects generated by additions to the public capital stock. Using cointegration analysis, the paper proceeds to estimate a dynamic labor productivity function for the 1955–94 period that incorporates the impact of the growth rate in the stocks of both private and public capital (as opposed to the flows) and the economically active population (EAP) (rather than the rate of population growth). The results suggest that (lagged) increases in public investment spending on economic infrastructure—as opposed to overall public investment spending—have a positive and highly significant effect on the rate of labor productivity growth. In addition, the estimates suggest that increases in government consumption expenditures may have a negative effect on the rate of labor productivity growth, thus suggesting that the composition of government spending may also play an important role in determining the rate of labor productivity growth. Finally, the findings call into question the politically expedient policy in many Latin American countries of disproportionately reducing public capital expenditures on economic and social infrastructure to meet targeted reductions in the fiscal deficit as a proportion of GDP.     

战后日本公共投资存在的问题及改革方向

战后,日本通过实施一系列大规模的公共投资政策,经济得以迅速恢复,而且在之后长时间内保持高速增长,泡沫经济破灭前,其平均增长速度均超过其他发达资本主义国家。大规模的公共投资对日本经济发展的促进作用是不可忽视的。20世纪90年代后,随着泡沫经济的破灭,公共投资的效用下降,原有的公共投资制度受到了广泛质疑。回顾日本公共投资的历史,不难发现公共投资制度发展过程中的一些问题,从而在新世纪掀起了公共投资改革的高潮。     

An empirical assessment of the relationship between competition policy and investment

The relationship between competition policy and investment is empirically examined. Empirical findings suggest that increasing market competition has a positive and robust impact on the share of total investment in GDP per capita. Developing countries enjoy benefits from competition legislation efficiency improvement, whereas the reduction of government anti-competitive price control intervention enhances the good investment environment in developed countries. In relation to the potential impacts of ASEAN competition policies, if ASEAN-4 countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, and Thailand) become as competitive as Singapore, the investment shares are expected to increase to approximately 2–4%. Further, foreign direct investment inflows from the 30 OECD countries are expected to increase roughly 0.6–1.2%.     

Bank lending and the business cycle: Does ownership matter in ASEAN countries?

We analyze the lending cyclicality of 213 ASEAN commercial banks over the period 2001–2015. The findings indicate that lending by private banks is procyclical while lending by state banks is countercyclical. Long-term liabilities also move countercyclically for state banks whereas funding for non-state banks in the form of deposit and long-term liabilities is procyclical. Greater lending cyclicality is observed for both private and state banks in Cambodia, Myanmar, Laos, and Vietnam (CMLV) compared to Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Singapore (ASEAN-5). Lending of non-ASEAN based foreign banks shows greater procyclicality than that of domestic banks for the ASEAN-5 countries, although not for the CMLV countries. During the global financial crisis, lending by non-ASEAN based foreign banks contracted sharply even as lending by ASEAN based foreign banks was unaffected. Overall, our results confirm that bank ownership influences lending and funding sensitivity to economic fluctuations.     

Inflation and inflation uncertainty in the ASEAN-5 economies

This study explores the linkage between inflation and inflation uncertainty in the ASEAN-5 countries over the period 1970:01–2007:12. Inflation uncertainty is estimated as a conditional variance in an AR(p)-EGARCH(1,1) model. Granger causality tests show that rising inflation increases inflation uncertainty and that rising inflation uncertainty increases inflation in all five countries. The ASEAN-5 have had low inflation rates relative to other emerging markets. Thus, our study shows that even in low inflation emerging markets inflation can lead to inflation uncertainty and uncertainty can lead to inflation. Given current inflationary pressures in these countries, our results warn of possible costs of not keeping inflation in check.     

Comparing Economic Interdependence and the Structure of Industry in the ASEAN-4: an International Input-Output Approach

Structural adjustment policies have been adopted in the ASEAN-4 countries. The policy changes were intended to shift manufacturing from import substitution to export promotion. We assess how successful this was using the Asian International Input-Output Tables for 1975 and 1985. The success of structural adjustment is verified, as the number of export-led industrial sectors increased in each of the ASEAN-4 countries. The 1-0 tables are used to evaluate the similarity of industrial technologies and input structures of the ASEAN-4, Japan, and other Pacific Rim economies. While there are some similarities in industrial technologies with Japan, input structures are dissimilar. Interdependence increased between the ASEAN-4, Japan and the United States. Increases in US final demand had a larger impact on ASEAN-4 textile exports, however, than did increases in Japanese final demand.     

交通投资对中国经济增长的影响

许多发展经济学家论证了基础设施建设对发展中国家经济增长的重要性。本文收集中国28个省份1985—2006年的面板数据验证交通投资对我国经济增长的影响。基于系统广义矩估计（GMM）方法,本文得到的结论是交通运输投资对经济增长有着显著的正向影响,其短期和长期的产出弹性分别为0．023和0．062。这也就是说交通运输投资每增加1个百分点,从短期来看将会导致经济增长0．023个百分点,从长期来看将会导致经济增长0．062个百分点。     

The economics of education in Bophuthatswana

Education usually correlates with economic development. In the transformation process of any traditional society education is most often assumed to provide the solution to or stimulus for development. Many governments are convinced that education or, more generally, capital investment in human beings contributes as much to economic growth as does investment in capital equipment. As a result the proportion of public expenditure on education in developing countries is often very high. This paper is an attempt to point out what the effects of public expenditure on education in Bophuthatswana are, given constraints such as economic efficiency and equity. In Bophuthatswana these economic effects of education tend to go beyond the borders of the country.     

International production networks and host country productivity: evidence from Malaysia

In the 1990s, Malaysia, along with other East Asian countries, achieved rapid economic growth rates. Research has yet to ascertain the extent to which this rapid economic growth was due to the development of global production networks. The main objective of the paper is to examine the impact of international production fragmentation on productivity growth. The paper hypothesises that international production fragmentation increases productivity growth through trade and foreign direct investment, and that productivity growth increases due to skill‐intensive industries producing within an international production network.     

“金砖四国”社会折现率的影响因素分析

社会折现率是国家公共项目决策中需要重点研究的一个参数,但数据显示,不同国家之间以及一个国家在经济发展的不同阶段,社会折现率都存在较大的差异。资本的稀缺程度、经济增长速度的快慢和通货膨胀率的高低是影响社会折现率的主要因素。本文通过1997年～2006年中国、印度、俄罗斯、巴西("金砖四国")社会折现率主要影响因素的研究发现,经济增长的高速度是中国和印度社会折现率的主要支撑因素,同时我国较低的贷款利率和通货膨胀率一定程度上抵消了经济高速增长带来的高折现率数值,因此折现率低于印度;高通货膨胀率是俄罗斯社会折现率较高的主要原因;巴西尽管通货膨胀率和贷款利率处于较高的水平,但较低的经济增长速度使其社会折现率在"金砖四国"中处于最低的位置。