流动性、生命周期与投资组合相异性——中国投资者行为调查实证分析

本文采用Probit和Tobit模型对中国居民的股票市场参与和投资组合的影响因素进行了分析,主要有以下的实证发现:首先,不流动性资产特别是房地产的投资显著影响了投资者的股票市场参与和投资组合,而且影响以“替代”效应或者说“挤出”效应为主。其次,投资者在进行投资组合时极少利用股票市场对其未来现金流所承担的风险进行对冲,也就是说,中国居民投资的“生命周期效应”不明显;第三,中国居民投资的“财富效应”非常显著。财富的增加既增加了居民参与股票市场的概率,也增加了居民参与股票市场的深度。     

Liquidity Constraints and Investment in Transition Economies

We use Bulgarian firm-level data to investigate the impact of liquidity constraints on investment performance. Internal funds are an important determinant of investment in most industrialized countries. We test whether internal funds are important for firm investment during the current transition process in Bulgaria. We use a simple accelerator model of investment to test whether liquidity constraints are relevant in the case of Bulgaria. Our estimations are based on data for the period 1993–95, prior to the Bulgarian financial crisis in 1996–97. It turns out that Bulgarian firms are liquidity constrained, and that firms' size and financial structure help to distinguish between firms that are more and less liquidity constrained. In our view, liquidity constraints can be given a different interpretation in the case of transition economies as compared to Western economies. A more in depth analysis of the data reveals that liquidity constraints, and consequently the access to external funds for Bulgarian firm investment, are to be seen against the background of soft-budget constraints and the failure of the financial system to enforce an efficient allocation of funds. In our view, the lack of liquidity constraints may actually be seen as a sign of financial weakness in the case of Bulgaria.     

Self-employment and Liquidity Constraints: Evidence from Finland

Using a large Finnish micro data set, I study how wealth influences the decision to become self-employed. The main result is that personal wealth increases the probability of a person becoming self-employed. This suggests the presence of liquidity constraints.
JEL classification: J 23; M 13     

健康与家庭资产选择

本文采用中国居民家庭微观调查数据,运用资产参与和资产分配模型,分别讨论健康状况对居民家庭资产配置行为的影响。研究结果表明:投资者的健康状况不显著影响其参与股票市场和风险资产市场的决定,但影响家庭的股票或风险资产在总财富中的比重,健康状况不佳会导致这两个比重较低,在控制了参保情况或时间展望期后这一影响仍然显著;而投资者风险态度和遗赠动机能够一定程度上解释健康风险的影响。     

Portfolio Choice under Uncertain Lifetime

This paper revisits the theory on life cycle savings and portfolio choice under uncertain lifetime emphasizing the role of temporal risk aversion. It provides new insights on the impact of mortality rates on optimal financial strategies. This is of particular interest for the management of pension funds.     

流动性约束、不确定性与中国居民消费

本文运用中国 1 96 1— 1 998年间数据 ,通过测试罗伯特·霍尔 (RobertHall)的消费函数及其扩展模型 ,分析了流动性约束与不确定性在中国居民消费行为演变中所起的作用。实证研究表明 ,随着中国经济改革的不断深入 ,中国居民消费行为在 2 0世纪80年代早期发生了结构性转变。流动性约束型消费者所占比重的上升以及不确定性的增大 ,造成了中国目前的低消费增长和内需不足。此外 ,我们还发现 ,流动性约束和不确定性之间的相互作用进一步强化了两者对居民消费的影响 ,导致了居民消费水平和消费增长率的同时下降。     

流动性约束与货币政策的资产价格效应

本文在新凯恩斯主义分析框架下,基于一个动态随机模型探讨了代理人消费流动性约束下的货币政策的资产价格效应,得到下列结论：资产价格波动通过财富效应影响代理人的消费。以利率为操作目标的最优货币政策应对股价、房价等资产价格波动做出反应,而其反应强度依赖于受流动性约束的代理人所占的比重。由于资产价格波动导致了流动性约束的时变性,最优利率规则对股价、房价等资产价格波动的最优权重也具有时变性。本文的实证分析表明,我国央行对房价和股价波动的利率调整具有时变性,以及此次金融危机爆发期间显现的这种时变性特征,与本文理论分析结果相吻合。     

The Impact of Liquidity Constraints on Bank Lending Policy

This paper examines banks' provision of liquidity to depositors and provision of loans. The problem identified is that banks may not be able to provide new funds for borrowers who are short of cash, because either the return on investments is poor, or because depositors withdraw more funds than expected. Banks subject to liquidity shortages may ration loans to good borrowers. This problem is shown to depend upon the nature of the deposit contract and banks' inability to issue subordinated deposits. State contingent renegotiation of loans and matching of the duration of project returns and investment needs mitigates the problem.     

Portfolio Composition Choice: A Behavioral Approach

This experimental study investigates portfolio composition choice for different types of financial assets and different levels of wealth. For a group of financially sophisticated executive MBA students with work experience in capital markets, the findings of this study indicate that the proportion of wealth invested in risky assets increases with wealth for all portfolio compositions examined, and increases with the degree of asset risk. This proportion is found to be as much as three times higher for common stocks than for options: For stock portfolios, it increases from 33% to 44% over the five wealth levels examined, and for options it increases from 11% to 17%. These results may imply a decreasing rel w proportions of their wealth in risky assets possess the following characteristics: they do not invest in options in real life; they sometimes buy lottery tickets; they assign a higher risk level to options than to common stocks; they are female; and they are employed.     

省外务工经历与农村家庭金融资产选择

本文运用2015年中国家庭金融调查数据(CHFS),研究了省外务工经历对农村家庭金融资产选择的影响。为避免模型可能存在内生性问题,本文还选取"各省近20年平均城镇失业率"作为工具变量,使用工具变量法进行估计。研究发现:省外务工经历能够显著提高农村家庭参与风险性金融市场的可能性,并且能够提高其风险性金融资产的配置比例;省外务工经历通过增加收入、增长金融知识、增强社会网络来提高农村家庭参与风险性金融市场的可能性和参与程度。据此可以有针对性地引导农村家庭合理配置金融资产,进而使农村居民更好地分享中国资本市场快速发展带来的红利。     

Portfolio Choice for Increases in Risk and Prudence Revisited

This paper proposes the concept of a ``simple increase in risk across r in the K-L-L-S sense' (sIR_K (r)) for the subset of K-L-L-S increases in risk defined by Kroll, Leshno, Levy, and Spector (1995; called K-L-L-S) that extends the Rothschild-Stiglitz definition of risk to a larger set of cumulative distribution functions that could not be classified as more risky before. We show that for a risk-averse decision-maker with nonnegative third derivative of the utility function, the demand for the risky asset decreases for a simple increase in risk across r in the K-L-L-S sense in the standard portfolio decision problem.     

Asymmetries in Household Consumption and Liquidity Constraints — A Switching Regression Approach

Most of the empirical work in the Euler equation tradition in the consumption literature, that addressed the issue of liquidity constraints, has tested the hypotheses of Excess sensitivity and Liquidity constraints, with the sample selection based on a single exogenous criterion. Such a method will give misleading inferences, if the sample selection criterion is correlated with the Euler equation errors. In this paper, an attempt is made to correct for the sample selection bias and estimate the probability of a household being constrained simultaneously with the Euler equation parameters. Using the Additional Rural Incomes Survey (ARIS) data on rural Indian households, I find that consumption is excessively sensitive to income changes for constrained than for the unconstrained. In addition, I also find that consumption responds asymmetrically to positive and negative changes in income indicating a preference asymmetry for the unconstrained and binding liquidity constraints for the constrained group.

     

考虑基准资产的动态投资组合选取

职业基金经理的目标经常是希望自己的投资组合以稳定的表现能够超越所某一基准资产或组合。因此本文给出一个考虑基准资产的动态均值——方差投资组合选取模型。假设状态之间的转移遵循马氏过程,给定状态转移矩阵,可以得到对风险资产最优投入的解析表达式。此表达式表明对风险资产的投入由三项构成,前两项是不考虑基准资产时对风险资产的投入,最后一项与基准资产有关;在基准资产上的权重由基准资产收益的大小来决定,与积极投资组合管理者的风险厌恶程度无关;随着风险厌恶程度的增加,管理者会减少在风险资产上的投入。数值分析显示考虑基准资产的投资组合是一个积极的投资组合。     

资产选择、风险偏好与储蓄存款需求

本文以消费者最优资产选择模型为基础,采用局部均衡分析方法探讨了通货膨胀、股市收益波动、消费者风险偏好对储蓄存款需求的影响。2001年6月以后,通货膨胀方差下降,股市持续下跌,股市收益率下降,收益率方差也有所下降,但货币需求却加速增长。本文根据不同的相对风险回避指数,模拟了利率、通货膨胀、股市收益率、股市收益率方差等因素对2001年6月至2005年9月平均储蓄存款的影响。在适当的相对风险回避指数下,储蓄存款增加的30%左右可以由这些因素解释;如果不考虑GDP等规模变量,股市收益率下降是导致平均货币需求增长的主要因素。     

流动性、流动性资产和流动性过剩

本文厘正了若干流动性过剩认识误区,阐释了流动性、流动性资产和流动性过剩的本质与定义,测算了近年来中国流动性过剩的规模和程度.得出了近年来中国流动性过剩并不严重、流动性过剩与经济过热之间不存在因果关系,以及2007年和2008年上半年中国宏观经济调控政策取向值得反思等若干结论.     

Portfolio Implications of an Equity Rain in Australia*

In the next decade Australia will experience a substantial privatization program. This represents a switch away from public debt financing towards public equity financing. In this paper, estimates of the likely effect of the government's privatization program on corporate financing are provided. The main result of an increase in the supply of equities along with a commensurate reduction in the supply of government debt is to cause a significant increase in the relative cost of equity, thereby creating incentives for corporate financiers to emphasize reliance on debt financing relative to equity financing. The estimated effect on the weighted cost of finance in the economy, while positive, is small     

Risks, Financing Constraints, and High Savings Ratio in the Rural Economy of China: A Model Incorporating Precautionary Savings and Liquidity Constraints

This paper makes an in-depth investigation on the phenomenon of high savings rate in the rural economy of China between 1978 and 2003. On the basis of precautionary savings theory, we construct a model incorporating the risks, liquidity constrains, and aging population to explain the existence of high savings rate in the rural economy of China. We measure risks with Gini coefficient and marginal propensity to save. We find that these risk indices are positively associated with the higher savings rate and the higher degree of prudence of rural households. Our findings pose an urgency of the reform of rural financial system and the improvement in social security system in the rural economy of China. Translated from Economic Science, 2005, (1) (in Chinese)     

Collective Choice and Voluntary Provision of Public Goods*

Some public goods are provided entirely with private contributions, others with a mixture of public and private funding, and still others are entirely publicly funded. In order to study this variation, a model of dual provision is developed that endogenizes public and private funding. Households vote over an income tax that finances public supply of the good and on whether to permit private contributions. While permitting private contributions may lead to a reduction in total provision, a majority always favors permitting private contributions. Results are developed for small and large economies, and the relevance of nonexcludability and noncongestion are investigated.     

Technology Choice,Overtaking, and Comparative Advantage*

This paper argues that the basic concept of comparative advantage, used in international trade theory to establish choices of commodities exported, can also be used to explain choice of technology by a firm. A firm with a current leading position in a given technology may spurn a new technology, which is developed by a currently lagging firm, leading to future overtaking.