食品安全标准在食品安全管理实践中的运用

食品安全标准是食品安全管理实践工作的活动指南,也是处理食品安全问题的法理依据。当前我国食品安全标准在管理实践工作中仍存在一些问题,影响其执行效率及权威性。本文对食品安全标准的法律地位及有效应用进行概述,并就实践工作中存在的问题进行研究探讨,提出适宜的对策。     

食品安全检测技术对食品质量安全的影响

食物的品质安全是保证人们生命健康的关键因素,是人们赖以生存与发展的最主要的前提条件。而随着社会主义市场经济的日益发展,人们的生活水平也在逐步改善,对食物的安全品质问题也越来越关注。目前,在我国的食品安全监督管理检验中,不论是在技术上,还是在产品质量安全监督管理方面,都仍面临着许多不足和问题,并不断影响检验技术的深入发展与完善。因此,本文重点对食品安全监督管理检验技术进行了论述与研究,期望可以通过了解该技术进展状况,为我国食品领域发展提出合理的指导意见,实现我国食品安全监督管理检验技术水平的进一步提高,进而促进我国食品领域的健康发展。     

食品安全标准与食品检测标准在应用中的问题探讨

食品安全是世界范围内高度关注的问题之一.近年来,我国经济飞速发展,人们物质生活显著改善,食品种类更加丰富,但与此同时食品安全问题也愈加突出,严重威胁人们的健康,也影响了市场经济健康发展.食品安全标准和食品检测标准的出台在很大程度上规范了我国的食品市场,强化了食品安全监管,但是在实际应用过程中也存在一定的问题,如适用范围...     

Trade and the Political Economy of Food Standards

This article presents a political economy model of public standards in an open economy. We use the model to derive the political optimum and to analyse different factors that have an influence on this political equilibrium. We analyse the relationship between trade and the political equilibria and compare the political outcome with the social optimum to identify under which cases political considerations lead to standards being set ‘too low’ or ‘too high’, and which standards could be labelled as protectionist measures.     

论贸易自由化与我国粮食安全

本文通过贸易自由化对我国粮食安全深层次影响的论述 ,提出了中国粮食安全政策选择。文章认为 ,贸易自由化是一把“双刃剑” ,对粮食安全既具有积极的一面 ,又具有消极作用。为确保农民收入水平的提高 ,要充分发挥我国农产品的比较优势 ,充分利用国际市场 ,适当增加进口 ,以保证我国粮食安全。     

贸易自由化下的环境和食品安全标准

本文旨在廓清贸易和环境争论中的一些问题，描述WTO处理技术和动植物卫生标准的相关协定以及制度标准的潜在后果，包括环境，国际贸易关系及国家竞争力方面的后果，提供了国际贸易架构下处理环境问题的可供选择的政策与战略选择，总的来说，在单一战略不能在为最优解决方案的情况下，需要综合采用不同方法，并小心避免因保护主义的理由而用环境标准，在制订国际标准，定义生态标签标准和谈判多边环境协定时，应增加发展中国家的参与。     

Patterns and Determinants of International Trade Costs in the Food Industry

This paper documents patterns in international trade costs in processed foods for a large cross‐section of developing and developed countries, during the 1976–2000 period. A trade costs index is inferred from a micro‐founded gravity equation that incorporates bilateral ‘iceberg’ trade costs. For 2000, the trade costs, expressed as weighted average tariff equivalent, range from 73% for the north to 134% for the south countries. The time patterns show an average reduction of about 13% in the observed period that rises to 26% for the emerging countries. However, the same does not occur for south countries. On ranking the trade costs determinants, we find that, on average, geographical and historical factors seem to dominate those of infrastructure and institutions. However, trade policy emerges as an important determinant of the trade costs between north and emerging countries.     

Regional Shifts in Pork Production: Implications for Competition and Food Safety

U.S. pork production and processing is consolidating in larger, more economically efficient units, and shifting from the Midwest into the Southeast. A regional model of farm supply and processing demand shows that smaller Midwest operations can survive only if processing capacity remains concentrated in that region. Salmonella incidence is higher in the Southeast and on larger farms. Restricting salmonella incidence in hogs delivered for processing to the minimum feasible level would increase total industry costs by 3%, due to increased production and delivery costs. It would also increase the comparative advantage of farms and processing firms in the Midwest.     

中国和日本的加工食品贸易格局和经济效率分析

本文运用贸易经济效率指数比较了两个典型的东亚国家中国和日本在加工食品方面的贸易表现.由于大国效应和数量庞大的中小贸易公司的恶性竞争,以及缺少有效的贸易管理措施,中国大部分加工食品出口和部分产品进口的经济效率恶化了.而日本仅在食品进口方面经济效率下降,可能原因是严格的技术壁垒导致进口来源集中于发达国家.本文建议中国通过整顿贸易秩序以及合理选择贸易时机来提高加工食品贸易的经济效率,日本的可行对策则是在保证产品质量的同时改变进口来源.     

食品安全检测技术对食品质量安全的影响

随着目前科学技术的深入发展,很多新型的检测技术被应用到食品安全检测工作中,在对食品开展检测的过程中,不同的食品需要采用不同的检测技术,从而充分检测出食品中的问题和安全隐患,并及时追究相关生产厂家的责任,禁止有问题的食品流入到市场中.基于此,本文对食品安全检测技术对食品质量安全的影响进行了深入的探究和分析,并且提出了一些...     

中国贸易自由化及其对粮食安全的影响——一个基于中国农业CGE模型的应用分析

本文应用中国农业CGE模型,就中国在WTO“后过渡期”进一步的贸易自由化对经济和粮食安全的影响进行了模拟和分析。基本的结论是:中国的贸易自由化会对粮食安全产生一定的冲击,引致粮食自给率下降;但这种影响要在现实中显形化需要一定的条件。     

贸易自由化背景下中国肉产品区域生产、消费和流通

在农产品市场更加开放的条件下 ,中国畜产品市场在空间上不断趋向整合 ,各地区间价格联系和贸易流通关系更为密切。本文应用空间均衡分析法 ,模拟了贸易自由化背景下中国猪肉、牛羊肉和禽肉等主要肉产品市场的基本区域格局以及区域间的流通情况。本文通过应用空间均衡模型的分析 ,在一定程度上展现了我国未来畜牧业发展的地区分工格局 ,对了解我国畜牧业专业化和规模化的发展趋势具有重要意义     

The Heterogeneous Effects of Standards on Agricultural Trade Flows

This article uses a theory‐based translog gravity model to investigate the heterogeneous effects of food standards on aggregate agricultural trade. We revisit the ‘standards‐as‐barriers‐to‐trade’ debate with a distinctive twist. In contrast to existing works, we show that standards reduce trade but even more so for countries that trade smaller volumes. Our identification strategy exploits the within‐country variation in specific trade concerns. We confirm that stricter importer standards are indeed trade‐restrictive. However, the estimated trade cost elasticity varies depending on how intensively two countries trade. Specifically, it decreases in magnitude with an increasing import share of the exporter in the importing country's total imports. The reason is simple but intuitive; bigger trading partners find it more profitable to invest in meeting the costs of importer‐specific standards. This work is novel in showing that the standards–trade debate misses out on an important heterogeneity driven by existing import shares. Liberalising non‐tariff measures will favour smaller trading partners more than well‐established ones.     

贸易自由化对中国食物消费不平等的影响与路径研究——基于多元多重中介效应模型的检验

随着经济发展,人们生活水平不断提高,中国人均食物消费量不断提高,但食物消费不平等问题依然比较突出.本文基于贸易自由化的角度,引入价格和收入两个中介变量,利用中国家庭收入项目调查数据及其他相关数据,通过多元多重中介效应模型,从理论和实证上分析了贸易自由化对中国食物消费不平等的影响.研究发现,贸易自由化不仅可通过提高中国居...     

Food Standards and Welfare: General Equilibrium Effects

We analyse the general equilibrium effects of the growth of high standard food chains on household welfare. To measure structural production changes and welfare effects on rural and urban households, our model has two types of agents, five kinds of products and four types of factors. We calibrate the model using a Chinese dataset. The simulation results show that the effects on poor rural households depend on a variety of factors, including the nature of the shocks leading to the expansion of high standard sector, production technologies, trade effects, spillover effects on low standard markets, factor market constraints and labour market effects.     

食品安全快速检测技术在食品监管中的应用探究

养殖技术与生产技术的发展带动了食品行业的创新发展,但食物急慢性中毒等各种食品安全问题也随之而来,严重危害了人们的健康。当前监管制度不完善、检测设备相对落后等一系列因素制约着食品安全快速检测技术在食品监管中的应用和推广使用。食品安全快速检测技术是目前使用最多、应用最广泛的一种检测方法,其在食品检测中的应用也引起了众多学者的思考。因此,本文以食品安全快速检测技术为基础,概述了食品快速检测技术的基本情况,并分析了免疫分析标记技术、酶抑制技术、生物传感器技术和生物芯片技术的实际应用,同时提出加强食品安全检测技术应用的保障措施,以期能够促进其在食品安全监管中的使用,从而保障食品安全。     

Does Food Safety Information Impact U.S. Meat Demand?

A theoretical model of consumer response to publicized food safety information on meat demand is developed with an empirical application to U.S. meat consumption. Evidence is found for the existence of pre-committed levels of consumption, seasonal factors, time trends, and contemporaneous own- and cross-commodity food safety concerns. The average demand response to food safety concerns is small, especially in comparison to price effects, and to previous estimates of health related issues. This small average effect masks periods of significantly larger responses corresponding with prominent food safety events, but these larger impacts are short-lived with no apparent food safety lagged effects on demand.     

Consumer Concern About Food Safety and Its Impact on Their Familiarity With Food Traceability Systems in China

Consumer familiarity is critical in the promotion of food traceability systems. The authors used consumer survey data from four cities in China to conduct a quantitative investigation of consumer concern about food safety and its impact on the consumers’ familiarity with food traceability systems. Statistical analysis and a Probit model were used, and the results show a high level of consumer concern about food safety. In contrast, consumers’ familiarity with food traceability systems is very low. Consumers’ concern about food safety significantly influences their familiarity with food traceability systems. In addition, consumers’ age, work experiences related to the food industry, and habit of asking for food receipts or invoices all have significant influences on their familiarity with food traceability systems.     

食品安全背景下食品检测对食品产业发展的影响

本文对食品检测现状及其对产业发展的影响进行论述,并且提出食品安全大环境下食品产业的发展方向。