Recurrence: A Neglected Aspect of the Sraffian Critique of Marginalism

The significance of ‘reswitching’—that great symbolic issue of the Cambridge capital debates—has sometimes been denied on the ground of a low probability. This article investigates the industry‐level return, in different equilibria, of the use of one or more (or all) inputs. Such phenomena, which we call ‘recurrence’, are generically far more probable than the return of a whole economy‐level technique and can be triggered, not only by a change in the interest rate, but also by a change in relative primary input prices. Since recurrence alone, without reswitching, is damaging to standard marginalist conceptions, one should not attribute too much importance to any low ‘probability of reswitching’.     

The Trouble with Offshoring: Static and Dynamic Losses in the Presence of Unemployment

This study provides theoretical support for the popular objection to offshoring, whereby firms at home employ services of labour located abroad. In the presence of unemployment, our analysis highlights welfare losses from offshoring – not only for the static case of a fixed stock of capital, but also for the dynamic one of optimal saving and investment. We compare these static and dynamic losses to the gains that would instead arise under full‐employment conditions, assumed by most of the theoretical literature on offshoring. Our results suggest that public concerns over offshoring are justified when unemployment is taken explicitly into account.     

浅谈会计基础工作的重要性

会计工作是一项社会经济治理工作,必需跟着社会经济环境的变化而不断发展.会计基础工作是会计工作的基本环节,加强会计基础规范化管理对提高会计人员素质及工作水平有着极为重要的作用.本文就会计基础工作的现状,成因,重要性以及如何加强会计基础工作,谈了一些简单看法.     

会计基础工作现状思考

会计基础工作是会计工作的基本环节,也是财务管理的彰要基础,财政部于1996年制定了<会计基础丁作规范>,同时废止了1984年发布的<会计人员工作规则>,该规范从会计机构和人员、会计核算、会计监督、内部会计管理制度儿方面规范了会计基础工作.随着我国社会主义市场经济的发展,会计基础工作逐步完善.水平逐步提高.     

The role of fundamental motivations in willingness-to-pay online

This study aims to determine whether an understanding of chronic fundamental consumer motivations can help determine the mechanisms of willingness-to-pay for products online. To do so, it employs a simulated buying task on a fictional e-commerce site for a consumer product (branded either as a “new arrival” or a “classic”) to investigate the effects of two fundamental motivations (mate acquisition vs. self-protection) on willingness-to-pay for the product online. The primary focus of the paper to investigate the capacity of mate acquisition and self-protection motives to moderate the relationship between attitude toward the product and willingness-to-pay, as well as, the effects of the motives on willingness-to-pay are considered. Through regression and interaction effect analyses, it is shown that chronic fundamental motivation for mate acquisition is directly correlated with an increased willingness-to-pay for both product types, and it moderates the relationship between attitude toward a product and willingness-to-pay. Self-protection motivation increases willingness-to-pay for classic products but not new arrivals. By offering a rare look at chronic fundamental motivation in the consumer context and potentially being the first investigation of the moderating effects of fundamental motivations, the results mostly support the notion of predictable motivation induced behavioral tendencies.     

Recycling and Landfilling in a Dynamic Sraffian Model: Application of the Corn–guano Model to a Waste Treatment problem

Landfill sites may be regarded as input for a waste treatment process. Considering landfill as an exhaustible resource, we apply a basic corn–guano model to a waste treatment problem. We show how dynamic substitution between landfilling and recycling occurs. Namely, in an early stage, landfill disposal is adopted as waste treatment and a recycling process is not activated. Once an economy faces exhaustion of landfill, a recycling process is activated as a backstop technology. We refer to the possibility that an economy may be unstable after exhaustion of landfill, even if it enjoys stable growth at the early stage.     

A light in the dark: The benefits of co-production in service failures

Co-production is increasingly common but, at the same time, services failures are inevitable. Considering that previous studies are controversial about the effects of failed co-produced services, the goal of this research is to investigate the influence of co-production on causal locus attribution, in addition to emotional and attitudinal outcomes. Two experimental studies show that co-production reduces the self-serving bias, a result that brings implications for the services literature and practice. In addition to the positive effects of co-production, evidenced by previous studies, this research shows that companies and customers can benefit from co-production even when failures occur.     

国际贸易买卖合同中根本性违约的构成及结果

在国际贸易实务中,如果买卖双方有一方没有按合同或部分没有按合同履行责任和义务就构成合同的违约.根本性违约的判断采取了主客观结合的标准,判断违约后果需要考虑多种因素综合判断,同时,<公约>对违约后果做了两个方面的决定.     

光在建筑设计中应用

建筑设计就是要截取无所不在的光,并在特定场合去表现光的存在.建筑将光凝缩成最简约的存在,建筑空间的创造即是对光之力量的纯化和浓缩.大面积的明暗对比和光影变化,反映着光与建筑的完美交融.     

光在建筑设计中应用

建筑设计就是要截取无所不在的光,并在特定场合去表现光的存在.建筑将光凝缩成最简约的存在,建筑空间的创造即是对光之力量的纯化和浓缩.大面积的明暗对比和光影变化,反映着光与建筑的完美交融.     

21世纪的研究开发亮点--干细胞研究

干细胞即起源细胞,干细胞研究为治疗多种"不治之症"带来了福音,所以具有极大的应用前景.据统计,近两年全世界干细胞医疗潜在的市场大约为800亿美元,到2020年前后全球市场规模每年可高达4000亿美元--     

我国城镇化发展速度问题探讨

城镇化速度是城镇化数量扩张的过程和方面.城镇化速度受经济、社会、政治、历史、地理、制度、政策等多种因素的影响和制约.从经济角度看,经济总体发展状况,总的经济发展速度,对城镇化的速度有着直接的影响,尤其以工业的发展速度和水平对城镇化速度影响最为直接和显著.文章简略回顾了新中国成立后我国城镇化发展速度概况.在肯定改革开放后我国城镇化高速发展的同时,分析和阐述了我国城镇化水平仍然滞后带来的消极影响和后果.在充分分析论证的基础上,对今后一个时期我国城镇化发展速度作出了基本判断和预测.最后特别强调了维持科学合理城镇化发展速度应该准确把握和正确处理的两个问题.     

地区就业率与产业结构关系的实证分析

本文利用2008年国民经济核算和就业人数的各项统计数据,建立了地区就业率与产业结构的关系图表;借助计量经济学的最小二乘法,建立各地区就业率以及三次产值比重结构的实证模型,动态的研究了三次产业所占GDP产值比重对我国产业结构的影响,最终得出:地区第一产业所占GDP的比重对我国地区就业率有负影响,第三产业所占GDP比重对我国地区就业率有显著的积极影响,并提出了相关政策建议.     

External adjustment in oil exporters: The role of fiscal policy and the exchange rate

After the decline in oil prices, many oil exporters face the need to improve their external balances. Special characteristics of oil exporters make the exchange rate an ineffective instrument for this purpose and give fiscal policy a sizeable role. These conclusions are supported by regression analysis of the determinants of the current account balance and of the trade balance. The results show little or no relationship with the exchange rate and, especially for the less diversified oil exporters, a strong relationship with the fiscal balance or government spending.     

The impact of foreign interest rates on the economy: The role of the exchange rate regime

It is often argued that many economies are affected by conditions in foreign countries. This paper explores the connection between interest rates in major industrial countries and annual real output growth in other countries. The results show that high foreign interest rates have a contractionary effect on annual real GDP growth in the domestic economy, but that this effect is centered on countries with fixed exchange rates. The paper then examines the potential channels through which major-country interest rates affect other economies. The effect of foreign interest rates on domestic interest rates is the most likely channel when compared with other possibilities, such as a trade effect.     

农业产业化过程中"龙头"企业的基本作用分析

农业产业化是未来中国农业发展的必然趋势.本文认为:"龙头"企业对于推动农业产业化具有特别重要的意义,并对其作用进行了认真分析研究.     

The association of light trucks and vans with paediatric pedestrian deaths

The hypothesis that relative to cars, light trucks and vans (including sports utility vehicles) are more likely to result in fatal paediatric pedestrian injury was investigated. It was further hypothesized that this increased risk is a result of head injuries. The study sample consisted of 18 117 police records of motor vehicles involved in crashes in which one or more pedestrians aged 5 to 19 years old was injured or killed. Frequencies and case fatality ratios for each vehicle body type were calculated. A logistic regression analysis was conducted, with light truck or van vs. car as the exposure variable and fatal/non-fatal pedestrian injury as the outcome variable. After controlling for driver age, driver gender, vehicle weight, road surface condition and presence of head injury, 5 to 19 year-olds struck by light trucks or vans were more than twice as likely to die than those struck by cars (odds ratio (OR) 2.3; 95% CI 1.4, 3.9). For the 5 to 9 year-old age group, light trucks and vans were four times as likely to be associated with fatal injury (OR 4.2; 95% CI 1.9, 9.5). There was an association between head injury and light trucks and vans (OR 1.2; 95% CI 1.1, 1.3). It was concluded that vehicle body type characteristics play an important role in paediatric pedestrian injury severity and may offer engineering-based opportunities for injury control.