地理标志与商标权之冲突

地理标志和商标权都是TRIPS协定所规定的独立的知识产权,都应当受到有效的保护。但是,国内的几起地理标志和商标权的冲突纠纷案件的发生,看到了我国法律的薄弱之处。本文试图从冲突的现状及形成冲突的原因,提出解决地理标志和商标权冲突的建议。     

Geography and educational inequality in China

Since the 1980s, educational reforms in China have decentralized administration and finance and privatized costs. These changes have emerged in the context of rapid economic growth and rising regional economic disparities. The reforms have mobilized new resources in support of education, but they have also exacerbated regional disparities in funding for schools. Analyses of trends in school finance and expenditures have emerged, but detailed studies of the shifting ties between geography and educational outcomes in the population have not.Using 2000 census data on year and location of birth and educational attainment, we begin to address this gap. We compare the links between birth province and educational outcomes across 5-year birth cohorts to illuminate trends in region-based inequalities. Results show that the percent of variation in years of schooling explained by birth province declined for cohorts born through the early 1960s, and then increased thereafter.Additional analyses use a dissimilarity index to characterize the strength of the link between geography and access to each level of schooling. This index indicates that the link between geography and access to primary school has greatly increased across cohorts, as the few without access to primary school are ever more concentrated in poor areas. The link between birth province and access to subsequent levels of schooling shows mixed trends through cohorts born in the early 1960s: stability for junior high school and a weakening trend for senior high school and college. Thereafter, the dissimilarity index increased, substantially for junior high school and slightly for senior high school and college.Results attest to the enduring significance of geography as an educational stratifier in China. More broadly, results suggest the importance of regional inequalities in conditioning the relationship between development and educational stratification.     

批判地缘政治学与南极地缘政治的发展

批判地缘政治学是地缘政治学的最新发展,它借用了后现代主义理论,证明并解构凝结在制度、技术和物质形式上的地缘权力,质问全球空间是如何被那些权力和权威中心不断地重新想象和重新叙述的,在领土意义淡化的情况下,新的地缘政治是如何在科学、知识、观念等内容上被重新建构的。南极地缘政治大致经历了一个多世纪的发展,其中又大致可分为领土驱动、科考和资源驱动、环境生态驱动三个阶段。自第二阶段领土竞争的意义有所淡化起,各种新的南极意义被不断构建并相互竞争,构成了南极地缘政治发展的新景象,批判地缘政治学可以为我们理解这方面的变化提供很好的理论工具。批判地缘政治学视角下的南极地缘政治发展要求我们更重视科学、国际组织、非政府组织等力量的影响以及《南极条约》体系等新的知识创造、供给和传播的场域,参与和南极相关的各种概念、符号、知识体系和意义系统的塑造,同时对这些方面的深层含义和相关力量的实质意图保持清醒的认识。     

Land Endowment,Intersectoral Labor Mobility,and Economic Geography

The distribution of industries is studied in a general equilibrium model in which firms producing manufactured products engage in oligopolistic competition. The agricultural product is produced by land and labor and there is intersectoral labor mobility between the agricultural sector and the manufacturing sector. Results are derived analytically. When worker units are divisible, concentration of all workers in one region is not stable. The role of land in the production of the agricultural product is important in affecting the distribution of industries.     

引进外资与失业:新经济地理观

本文整合了Harris-Todaro(1970)城市失业现象与Krugman(1991)的新经济地理理论,建立了一个两国两部门的新经济地理失业模型;模型中制造业生产呈现规模经济(economies of scale)与产品差异化特性,且城市存在失业现象.本文采用数值模拟方法,分析引进外资对于失业的冲击.文章指出,随着失业国的外资引进,该国制造业扩张,但是制造业的规模经济效果引起制造品价格下降,而抑制了制造业部门的扩张;规模经济效果导致资本引进国的城市失业量与失业率同时下降.此结论与Corden和Findlay(1975)在小国开放经济体系关于引入外资导致该国失业量上升、失业率不变之发现迥然不同.     

全球制造业重心转移的环境效应分析

过去十余年间全球制造业重心从发达国家向发展中国家的转移在一定程度上加速了温室气体排放量的增长。假设1995~2009年制造业重心未从发达国家转移至中国,在满足同等量最终需求的前提下,全球生产过程产生的温室气体排放量增幅将显著下降。其中,CO2排放量增幅将从67亿吨降至41亿吨;CH4排放量增幅将从3.4亿吨降至2.7亿吨;N2O排放量增幅将从1557万吨降至1156万吨。通过模拟测算制造业从中国进一步转移至南亚和非洲等欠发达地区对温室气体排放的影响可知,该转移将使得全球温室气体排放进一步增加,年度增排CO2约8.8亿吨,CH4约450万吨,N2O约21万吨。这是由于与发达国家相比,中国、南亚和非洲等发展中国家普遍有较低的能源效率和清洁能源使用比率。而在现行联合国气候变化框架的生产者责任制度下,这部分额外的温室气体减排责任均需由发展中国家承担。鉴于制造业重心的转移多由跨国公司主导,且相关经济利益均由发达国家获取,因此发达国家应该更多承担这部分额外排放的减排责任,通过技术转移、扩大在发展中国家的低碳技术研发和应用投资等手段,使得从事制造业生产特别是低端制造业生产的发展中国家能够应用更高能效、更低碳的生产技术,以减缓温室气体排放增速,控制气候变暖效应,实现全球可持续发展。     

外资、产业集聚与失业:新经济地理观

本文整合Harris-Todaro(1970)的城市失业现象与Krugman(1991)的新经济地理理论,建立新经济地理失业模型,探讨外资对于就业、城市失业量(率)与产业结构的影响;焦点置于要素替代差异、Todaro矛盾以及引进外资国家的福利分析。在两国架构中,当引进外资时,若要素替代弹性较低,资本引进国随着制造业扩张,其劳动雇佣量固然上升,但城市失业量亦随之上扬,出现Todaro矛盾现象。反之,在高要素替代情况下,引进外资的国家可能出现制造业就业和城市失业量同时下降的现象。     

供水管网地理信息系统在巴黎水务的应用

巴黎水务是威立雅水务的子公司,提供巴黎塞那河右岸各区饮用水供应、供水管网施工维护等全方位水务服务的专业公司.介绍了供水管网地理信息系统(GIRIS)在巴黎水务的应用及对存在问题的思考.     

Trade in Parts and Components and the Industrial Geography of Central and Eastern European Countries

Growing inflows of FDI and the increasing integration of domestic firms into International Production Networks (IPNs) set up by EU-15 partners have yielded a rise in trade in parts and components for Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs). As a consequence, new patterns of localization of industrial activities have been observed in the region since the mid-1990s. In this paper, I propose a comprehensive model of trade and production which tries to explain cross-country variations of sectoral output by comparative advantages (Ricardo, Heckscher–Ohlin) and agglomeration forces (home market effect, market potential), with a focus on the role played by trade in middle products. The empirical implementation reveals that the higher is the involvement in IPNs the larger is the domestic share of regional output. Comparative advantages are a crucial determinant of localization as opposed to agglomeration forces. I argue that these results can be interpreted as an assessment of the predictive power of two alternative trade theories. JEL no.  F10, F12, F14, F15     

经济地理、政治版图与不对称相互依赖的权力效用——以俄罗斯阻止乌克兰加入北约为例

国际政治现实中存在着有趣的不对称经济相互依赖未能产生有效权力的情形,不对称依赖较小的一方不能凭借其在经济相互依赖中的有利地位,通过使用经济手段,将经济影响力转化为政治影响力,进而对依赖较大的一方形成权力,从而实现自身的外交目标。在对相关文献进行述评的基础上,作者构建了一个经济地理和政治版图的新解释框架以解释该现象。在引入经济地理和政治版图的基本框架之后,提出依赖较大国内部经济地理和政治版图的错位或者契合是影响不对称相互依赖能否在短期内发挥权力效用的关键因素。在两者错位的情况下,权力难以顺利实现;在两者契合的状况下,权力容易实现。同时,作者选取并详细剖析了2004年以来俄罗斯借助经济不对称依赖中的优势地位阻止乌克兰加入北约这一案例,以论证这一核心观点。     

大兴西瓜获国家地理标志产品保护

5月16日，“大兴西瓜实施国家地理标志产品保护授牌仪式”在中国西瓜博物馆隆重举行。据了解．为切实保护好大兴西瓜品牌．此次对保护的大兴西瓜地块将全部使用GPS卫星定位技术进行锁定．种植技术按照标准严格统一．对专用标志的使用实行网络化管理，受保护的大兴西瓜销售由指定销售点进行专卖，并实行严格的质量追溯制度。     

Geography and firm exports: new evidence on the nature of sunk costs

This paper presents an examination of the trading patterns of individual firms, looking at their coverage of export markets and movements into and out of destinations. This analysis is made possible by access to a new survey data set of Irish firms, which includes detailed information on firm characteristics and on the destinations of their exports over a 2-year period. In line with Eaton et al. (Am Econ Rev 94:150–154, 2004), we find that a large number of firms serve only the domestic market and many exporting firms export to a single foreign market. Although there is little movement of firms into and out of exporting, firms’ involvement in individual export markets is much more dynamic. Over one-third of firms change their market coverage, usually by entering or exiting one additional market. This is consistent with an interpretation where the bulk of any sunk cost encountered in exporting is incurred during the initial entry to the export market. Subsequent entry to additional markets may be made easier by prior export experience, which could help reduce the sunk cost of extending market coverage.     

历史地理学视野中的关东文化解读

任何文化都是地域文化和历史文化,关东文化也是如此。由历史地理学视野分析东北的自然地理特点和多民族的历史变迁与关内汉民族的互动,探讨关东文化的形成过程。小说和电视剧《闯关东》没有真实地反映历史上的“闯关东”,对讨论和理解关东文化有严重误导。     

Geography, insolation, and vitamin D in nineteenth century US African-American and white statures

Using a new source of nineteenth century US state prison records I contrast the biological living conditions of comparable African-Americans and whites. Although blacks and whites today in the US reach similar terminal statures, nineteenth century African-American statures were consistently shorter than those of whites. Greater insolation (vitamin D production) is shown to be associated with taller black and white statures and a considerable share of the stature difference between US blacks and whites was attributable to insolation and vitamin D production. Black statures increased during the antebellum period, while white statures declined. Black and white statures both decreased after the Civil War. Farmers were taller than workers in other occupations, and an alternative explanation for stature variation by social class is considered.     

生产分割、新经济地理与产业区位:理论模型和经验证据

本文在生产分割的新经济地理模型基础上,对我国长三角地区的产业区位调整进行了实证检验。经验研究的结果证明了理论模型的结论,即生产分割情况下,制造业的空间区位同样存在类似于中心-外围的结构。但是影响不同产业区位调整的因素差异很大,这些因素的强弱也随时间而变化。这就启示决策部门,不仅要制定有效的政策参与生产分割过程,促进区域经济协调发展,而且要对政策进行合理的调整。     

环境保护与诉讼法的发展

诉讼法作为一门传统的部门法,在面对当今社会环境侵害时,亦不得不更新,以对付日趋凸现的环境危机,而有关诉讼法在环境时代的应因措施则是以对超诉资格的放宽、被诉对象的扩大、诉讼费用预防方式的改进和集团诉讼的扩张为主要内容的。     

正确处理好当前地理课程改革中的几种关系

新地理课程标准为地理教学方式方法的改革提出了新的要求.这次课程改革,是在我国长期传统地理教学模式基础上所进行的探究.在新、旧教学理念的撞击过程中,我们应正确处理好讲授式教学与探究式学习的关系;教师与学生的关系;学习过程评判与学习结果评判的关系,不断提高地理教学质量.