Estimating the Degree of Market Integration

Existing tests of spatial market integration are commonly based on statistical criteria without an explicit link to an economic model of price determination. This article proposes new measures of market integration defined directly in terms of a well-known spatial price determination model and develops an econometric methodology for estimating these measures. Due to the intractability of the conditional density function of prices, we use indirect inference to estimate the model parameters and market integration measures. The methodology is illustrated with simulated data and is applied to soybean price data for the United States, Brazil, and the EU.     

Spatial Market Integration in the Presence of Threshold Effects

A large body of research has evaluated price linkages in spatially separate markets. Much recent research has applied models appropriate for nonstationary data. Such analyses have been criticized for their ignorance of transactions costs, which may inhibit price adjustments and thus affect tests of integration. This analysis utilizes threshold autoregression and cointegration models to account for a neutral band representing transactions costs. We evaluate daily price linkages among four corn and four soybean markets in North Carolina. Nonlinear impulse response functions are used to investigate dynamic patterns of adjustments to shocks. Our results confirm the presence of thresholds and indicate strong support for market integration, though adjustments following shocks may take many days to be complete. In every case, the threshold models suggest much faster adjustments in response to deviations from equilibrium than is the case when threshold behavior is ignored.     

The Geographic Extent of the Market for Soybeans and Soybean Products

This study looks at the question of whether soybeans, soybean meal, and soybean oil produced in the United States and exported were part of a single, world geographic market during the decade of the 1980s. An answer to this question is sought using an approach to defining a geographic market based on the notion of instantaneous causality. The empirical results suggest that there was but a single identifiable world market for these commodities over the period of study.     

探析矿业与资本市场的融合

缓解资源矛盾,实现可持续发展,关键在于提高资源保障程度.一方面,加大国内地质勘查力度,增加可采储量.另一方面,利用境外矿产资源,通过对国外资源企业并购、交叉持股等资本运作方式来控制境外资源.这两个方面都离不开资本市场的有效支持.矿业上下游产业的割裂,风险勘探领域资本市场不成熟,缺少规范的中介机构是当前我国矿业资本市场面临的问题.针对这些问题,提出促进我国矿业资本市场建设的政策建议如下:一是建立矿业股票交易市场,降低上市融资门槛;二是强化相关中介机构服务和监管;三是组建大型资源性公司,统筹海外矿产资源勘查与开发.四是构建风险勘探机制,加强地勘基金的作用;五是在政策上给矿业积极的支持.     

广东省土地市场运作模式与相关政策分析

本文回顾了广东土地市场的发展过程，就土地相关政策对土地市场的导向作用进行了分析，并针对土地市场运作中的一些问题提出了完善土地市场运作模式的建议。     

层次分析法在林地资产评估市场法中的应用

在阐述森林资源林地资产评估市场法技术思路与层次分析法基本原理的基础上,提出用层次分析法确定林地资产评估市场法中参考案例的权重及估算林地资产价值,分析在不同折现率和林地经营年限的条件下林地资产评估值的变化情况。结果表明:在相同折现率的条件下,随着经营年限的增加,评估对象的评估值不断增大;在相同经营年限、不同折现率的条件下,评估对象的评估值呈规律性的递增或者递减。此外,随着经营年限和折现率的增加,评估对象的评估值也越来越趋于一个值。     

Self-Sufficiency Versus Free Trade: The Case of Rice in Iran

The dilemma of free trade and self-sufficiency for the case of rice in Iran justifies continuous governmental intervention in this market. Among all policy instruments, import tariffs have been extensively used to achieve self-sufficiency; however, the results of this policy are quite controversial and remain as a main question for researchers and policymakers. Hence, this article examines the economic impacts of increasing import tariff policy applying a multimarket spatial price equilibrium model. The results suggest that pursuing the goal of self- sufficiency by restricting rice import would be detrimental. Social welfare as well as real and per capita income are adversely affected by increasing import tariffs both in nationwide and regional scale except for 1 region, which is characterized as the largest net exporter region in Iran. Also results show that adopting free trade policies and improving rice yield may be the well-advised strategy in the case of rice in Iran.     

新疆林木种苗产业的市场结构、企业行为与市场绩效

市场结构和行为对市场绩效的影响机制是解释产业发展的重要前因。通过实地调研,分析新疆林木种苗产业组织市场结构-市场行为-市场绩效内在规律。结果表明,新疆林木种苗产业市场结构属于垄断竞争型市场结构;相当数量企业生产能力效率较低;市场种苗产业的生产能力利用率不高,市场绩效低下。基于结论,提出从优化市场结构,调整市场行为两个方面进行产业政策调整,进而提高市场绩效。     

基于近红外光谱的稻谷、大米、大米粉直链淀粉含量预测

以产自安徽省的99份籼米为研究对象,比较稻谷、大米、大米粉近红外光谱测定直链淀粉的差异,利用TAS全校准技术下稻谷、大米、大米粉3种大米物理形态的近红外光谱测定直链淀粉结果的相关性,建立适用于安徽省所产稻谷中直链淀粉营养成分的定量模型.研究结果表明,稻谷、大米、大米粉测定直链淀粉模型的预测相关系数分别为0.863、0....     

A Political Economic Analysis of U.S. Rice Export Programs to Japan and South Korea: A Game-Theoretic Approach

The Uruguay Round Agreement on agriculture has contributed to the increase in U.S. and world rice trade since 1994. Despite this, the Japanese and Korean rice markets continue to be characterized by high levels of trade intervention. This article attempts to analyze both import markets incorporating econometric estimates and public choice theory in a game-theoretic framework. Various scenarios are analyzed. The results show that the overall Nash equilibrium occurs with a 4% tariff reduction for Japan and Korea under the U.S. Market Development Program, which includes the Market Access Program and Foreign Market Development Program.     

浅析城乡统一建设用地市场构建的障碍因素与对策

推进城乡统一建设用地市场建设,是我国未来农村土地改革的一个重大方向。本文首先阐述了建立城乡统一建设用地市场的重要意义,分析了影响城乡统一建设用地市场构建的制度性障碍,在此基础上提出了改革现行农村集体建设用地制度的对策建议。     

On‐Farm Conservation of Rice Biodiversity in Nepal: A Simultaneous Estimation Approach

This paper presents an empirical case study about farmer management of rice genetic resources in two communities of Nepal, drawing on interdisciplinary, participatory research that involved farmers, rice geneticists and social scientists. The decision‐making process of farm households is modelled and estimated in order to provide information for the design of community‐based conservation programmes. A bivariate model with sample selection examines the simultaneous process of whether farmers decide to plant landraces or modern varieties, and whether the landraces they choose to plant constitute the genetic diversity of interest for future crop improvement. Findings show that the two landrace choices are affected by different social and economic factors, but in certain cases the decision processes are interrelated. Policies to promote the conservation of local rice diversity will need to take both processes into account.     

A Political Economic Analysis of U.S. Rice Export Programs to Japan and South Korea: A Game Theoretic Approach

The Uruguay Round Agreement on agriculture (UR) has contributed to the increase in U.S. and world rice trade since 1994. Despite this, the Japanese and Korean rice markets continue to be characterized by high levels of trade intervention. This paper attempts to analyze both import markets incorporating econometric estimates and public choice theory in a game theoretic framework. Various scenarios are analyzed. The results show that the overall Nash equilibrium occurs with a 4% tariff reduction for Japan and Korea under the U.S. Market Development Program, which includes the Market Access Program and Foreign Market Development Program.     

Land change in the Brazilian Savanna (Cerrado), 1986–2002: Comparative analysis and implications for land-use policy

The Brazilian Cerrado, a biodiverse savanna ecoregion covering 1.8 million km² south and east of the Amazon rainforest, is in rapid decline because of the expansion of modern agriculture. Previous studies of Cerrado land-use and land-cover (LULC) change imply spatial homogeneity, report widely varying rates of land conversion, use ambiguous LULC categories, and generally do not attempt to validate results. This study addresses this gap in the literature by analyzing moderate-resolution, multi-spectral satellite remote sensing data from 1986 to 2002 in two regions with identical underlying drivers. Unsupervised classification by the ISODATA algorithm indicates that Cerrado was converted to agro-pastoral land covers in 31% (3646 km²) of the study region in western Bahia and 24% (3011 km²) of the eastern Mato Grosso study region, while nearly 40% (4688 km² and 5217 km², respectively) of each study region remained unchanged. Although aggregate land change is similar, large and contiguous fragments persist in western Bahia, while smaller fragments remain in eastern Mato Grosso. These findings are considered in the current context of Cerrado land-use policy, which is dominated by the conservation set-aside and command-control policy models. The spatial characteristics of Cerrado remnants create considerable obstacles to implement the models; an alternative approach, informed by countryside biogeography, may encourage collaboration between state officials and farmer-landowners toward conservation land-use policies.     

转型时期英格兰、长三角土地市场发育程度的比较

转型时期英格兰、长三角的土地市场流转率分别为0.496%、0.424%。从数值上看,两地区的土地市场流转率接近,似乎处于同一市场发展阶段,但实质并非如此。在英格兰,各类职业者、资产者构成了土地的买方,土地卖方包括欠债的土地家族、继承土地的旁系亲属、小土地所有者。在长三角,农村金融枯竭,高利贷肆虐,绝大多数农家的年净余率为零或负数。为了生存,不愿变卖土地的农家,只能凭土地举借高利贷经营。利率的高昂、借贷的消费倾向,年净余率的却失,使他们抵押、典当、最终绝卖土地。英格兰的土地交易是买卖双方自由往来的结果,已进入了市场阶段;长三角的绝卖土地则是农家身负高利贷经营达到山穷水尽地步的一种无奈之举,不具备现代市场的基本前提,属前市场阶段。     

汉魏六朝荆州稻作农业的发展

荆州位于长江中游，这里是稻作农业的发源地，自新石器时代以至秦汉，稻作生产传统一直未曾中断。进入魏晋南北朝后，荆州自然环境与人口的变化皆有利于稻作生产的发展，加之荆州政治军事地位的特殊性，统治者对农业生产的着意经营。使得荆州的稻作生产较之前代有了一定的发展。这主要表现在稻作种植区域的扩大、耕作技术的提高以及产量的增加等方面。荆州稻米总产量的增加，使得荆州不仅有余粮可支援外地，并有部分剩余稻米进入了流通领域．成为长江下游城市粮食供应体系中的重要一环．     

The Influence of Commodity Programs on Acreage Response to Market Price: With an Illustration Concerning Rice Policy in the United States

Farm programs influence the parameters of typically estimated supply functions. We develop and apply an approach that uses detailed information about farm program incentives and constraints to identify underlying structural acreage response parameters when the data reflect behavior under complex government commodity programs. We illustrate the approach with data on rice acreage response to market price in the United States. For U.S. rice, estimates that fail to appropriately incorporate the program rules under which market data were generated are three to four times smaller than the structural parameters that are useful for most policy analysis or projections under alternative policies.     

林纸一体化:我国林纸结合的发展方向

回顾了我国林纸结合的艰难历程,阐述了林纸一体化的理论基础,认为林纸一体化是我国林纸结合的发展方向。市场交易内部化、降低交易成本是企业追求林纸一体化的基本动力;实现林纸一体化,是解决投资人工培育森林难获得社会平均利润问题的重要途径。我国林纸结合的主要形式有林纸契约合作、林纸股份合作、林纸一体化三种。建议国家尽快出台森林资源流转办法,促进林纸一体化。     

张謇农工商一体化的构想与实践

张謇为了救国富民,针对中国当时经济、文化落后的国情,提出了农工商一体化的构想,其核心是“棉铁主义”,立足点在“棉”上,通过“棉”与“纺”,把“农”与“工”与“商”联系在一起,构成了张氏“实业救国”、“教育救国”、“地方自治”的主要内容,并采取相应的对策,一一付诸实践,将原先闭塞、落后、贫穷的南通建成了开放、进步、富裕的“模范县”,取得了举世瞩目的业绩,获得了中外一致好评。