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1.
It appears that there is a conflict of values running through business ethics between profits accruing to shareholders and the cost of entrepreneurial activities on wider stakeholders. In the ethics research literature, the multiplicity of normative ethical stances has resulted in much debate but little in the way of consistent policy proposals. There is, by comparison, an extensive literature in positive economics that attempts to resolve value conflicts similar to those faced by business ethicists. In this paper the adoption of positive welfare statements are advocated and the value judgements implicit in economics are used as the starting point. It is argued that there is merit in expressly stating a set of value judgements to demonstrate the intractable nature of finding a social consensus without a positive social welfare function that explicitly weights the values. This paper reviews the arguments surrounding corporate objectives, particularly with regard to ethical considerations and the profit maximisation orthodoxy. This is discussed within the stakeholder-stockholder narrative. A range of ethical positions in the management strategy literature are analysed and discussed. It is argued that the values underpinning business ethics research can be conceived of via a function of social welfare (including an ethical 'auctioneering' model). The paper concludes by suggesting that all ethical positions can be captured by a Bergson-type welfare function. 相似文献
2.
Despite the recognition in the business literature of the need to include ethics in all business courses, ethics is still given at best a perfunctory treatment by many instructors. This paper presents two pedagogical methodologies that the authors have used with success for teaching ethics to undergraduate business students. The approaches described in this paper are founded on the belief that in order to raise students' consciousness about ethical issues, students must be challenged to experience conscious ethical conflicts and to incorporate their own values into solving ethical problems. The power of working through ethical conflicts lies in its ability to force such a confrontation and, through it, to achieve enhanced self understanding. 相似文献
3.
Sandra L. Williams 《Business Horizons》2011,(4):315
Managerial decisions and behaviors in the international business arena have ethical implications across cultures and countries. The need for ethics and core values in business practice has been heightened by continued business scandals and ethical managerial lapses that have violated public trust. Global businesses can offer practical guidance and set ethical examples for others to follow by establishing corporate values beyond written business codes. Four key work values (Honesty, Fairness, Concern of Others, and Achievement) known to be present in businesses across cultures, are put forth as a baseline start for multinational corporation leaders. Offered is a process for making the core values unique to an organization, and for adopting and training managers in the use of core values. Presented is evidence of managerial implementation of the core work values, and managers’ alignment of work values with organizational strategies. By addressing the values and principles of their workplaces, international businesses can achieve cross-cultural ethical practices, managerial alignment, and global social responsibility. 相似文献
4.
Josie Fisher 《Journal of Business Ethics》2001,34(1):15-24
Three widely accepted principles – autonomy, beneficence and justice – provide a useful analytic framework for considering controversies and conflicts in bioethics. Since these principles capture key concepts found in diverse normative theories they provide a starting point from which consistent ethical analysis and comparison can begin. While justice is commonly discussed in the business ethics literature, the other two principles are not widely discussed. This paper investigates whether the principles of autonomy and beneficence provide a framework that is equally useful for framing issues in business ethics. It is argued that they do. First, the principle of autonomy, with its associated notions of informed consent, privacy, confidentiality, voluntariness, self-mastery, and so on, provides a consistent approach to the analysis of diverse issues that arise in business ethics from market research to recruitment practices. Second, it is argued that the relationships between a business and its stakeholders ground duties of beneficence. The principle of beneficence provides a framework for considering the issues that arise in these relationships. 相似文献
5.
Andrew Brien 《Journal of Business Ethics》1998,17(4):391-409
The cause of ethical failure in organisations often can be traced to their organisational culture and the failure on the part of the leadership to actively promote ethical ideals and practices. This is true of all types of organisations, including the professions, which in recent years have experienced ongoing ethical problems. The questions naturally arise: what sort of professional culture promotes ethical behaviour? How can it be implemented by a profession and engendered in the individual professional? The answers to these questions are of interest to business ethicists since the causes of ethical problems in business are often the same and the professions, as ethically challenged organisations, make useful and informative analogues for the measures to be adopted or avoided when the attempt is made to raise the ethical standards of business. Given this focus on the professions, it will be argued that the usual, direct attempts to control unethical behaviour by using codes of ethics, legislation and self-regulatory regimes, are not successful. The answer, it will be argued, lies in using an enforced self-regulation model that aims for ethics indirectly. Such a strategy seeks to develop a goal-orientated professional culture which is actively promoted by the leadership of the profession as well as the members. Specifically, the culture is one that seeks to promote trust in the profession and trustworthiness as a virtue exemplified in each individual. It will be argued that in order to develop a professional culture that cultivates trust a profession will need to develop certain institutions, programs and structures within the profession. I conclude by setting out a model of these trust-cultivating structures. 相似文献
6.
Cross cultural ethical conflicts are a major challenge for managers of multinational corporations (MNEs) when an MNE's business practices and a host country's practices differ. We develop a set of decision principles to help MNE managers deal with these conflicts and illustrate with examples of ethical conflicts faced by MNEs doing business in contemporary Russia (DeGeorge, 1994). We discuss the generalizability of the principles by comparing them to the Donaldson (1989) and Buller and Kohls (1997) decision models. Finally we discuss changes in the cross cultural ethical problems facing MNE managers and offer suggestions for future corporate and academic work on these problems. 相似文献
7.
Jacquelyn E. Humphrey Geoffrey J. Warren Junyan Boon 《Journal of Business Ethics》2016,134(2):263-279
Using samples from the U.S. and Puerto Rico, we examine cross-cultural differences in cultural value dimensions, and relate these to act and rule utilitarian orientations, and ethical decision making of business professionals. Although these places share the same legal environment, culturally they are distinct. In addition to tests of between-group differences, a model in which utilitarian orientation mediates the influence of cultural values on ethical decisions was evaluated at the individual level of analysis. Results indicated national culture differences on three cultural values, but no between-group differences on utilitarian orientations and ethical decisions. Significant indirect effects were found; act utilitarian orientation mediated the effects of two values activity orientation and universalism on ethical decision making. Implications for international management practices and business ethics are discussed. 相似文献
8.
A comparative study of business related values among business students was conducted over the last 10 years in two neighbouring
countries. Although Estonia and Finland are culturally related, according to an empirical study of managerial values, including
the ethical values of business students, the two countries display significant differences. During the last decade, Estonia
has changed from being a country characterised by an authoritarian, centralized, totalitarian state socialism, to a democratic
country with a free market economy and different attitudes and values. At the same time Finland has experienced almost a century
of capitalism and democracy. It is argued that the differences in values exhibited by these two countries could be explained
by using the institutional and historical context. The authors propose a model of value hierarchies in relation to institutionalism. 相似文献
9.
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the relationship between national culture and ethical decision making. Established theories of ethics and moral development are reviewed and a culture-based model of ethical decision making in organizations is derived. Although the body of knowledge in both cross-cultural management and ethics is well documented, researchers have failed to integrate the influence of cultural values into the ethical decision-making paradigm. A conceptual understanding of how managers from different nations make decisions about highly ethical issues will provide business ethics researchers with a sound theoretical foundation upon which future empirical inquiry can be based. 相似文献
10.
《Journal of Teaching in International Business》2013,24(4):61-78
ABSTRACT International business programs, universities with international students, and educators who seek to internationalize their teaching need to make informed decisions about teaching, testing, and assessment criteria. The infusion of American business curricula throughout the world as well as the need to train American business students for leadership roles in global contexts calls for teaching and assessment practices which explore a plurality of cognitive, affective and behavioral pedagogical strategies. This article considers traditional education and assessment in China in light of American educational practices currently used for assessment in business training. It explores how an understanding of modern Confucianist values can shape assessment choices in both American and overseas programs as an example of developing cross-cultural awareness. The authors call for an assessment process in business education which draws from a plurality of methods adapted to teaching, learning and testing for global awareness. 相似文献
11.
This study focused on the effects of individual characteristics and exposure to ethics education on perceptions of the linkage
between organizational ethical practices and business outcomes. Using a stratified sampling approach, 817 students were randomly
selected from a population of approximately 1310 business students in an AACSB accredited college of business. Three hundred
and twenty eight of the subjects were freshmen, 380 were seniors, and 109 were working managers and professionals enrolled
in a night-time MBA program. Overall, the respondents included 438 male students and 379 female students. Exposure to ethics
in the curriculum had a significant impact on student perceptions of what should be the ideal linkages between organizational
ethical practices and business outcomes. Gender based differences were found with female students having a higher expectation
regarding what should be the “ethics practices and business outcomes” link. Exposure to ethics in the curriculum had a positive
moderating influence on the gender-based effects on perceptions of ideal ethical climate. The interaction effect showed that
exposure to ethical education may have a positive impact on males and allow them to catch up with females in their ethical
sensitivities concerning the ideal linkage between organizational ethical behavior and business outcomes. Further, consistent
with the literature, the study found that gender differences in ethical attitudes regarding the ideal ethical climate, while
significant for undergraduates, appeared to narrow considerably for the working professionals who were part-time MBA students.
Harsh Luthar is an Associate Professor of Management at Bryant University. He received his Ph.D. from Virginia Polytechnic
University, Pamplin College of Business, in the Department of Management. His research interests include international differences
and cross-cultural issues impacting global human resource practices, ethical attitudes of students, and the nature of spiritual
leadership.
Ranjan Karri is an Assistant Professor of Management at Bryant University. He received his Ph.D. in strategic management from
Washington State University. His research interests include corporate and business strategies, enterpreneurship, ethical leadership
and corporate governance. 相似文献
12.
International business faces a host of difficult moral conflicts. It is tempting to think that these conflicts can be morally
resolved if we gained full knowledge of the situations, were rational enough, and were sufficiently objective. This paper
explores the view that there are situations in which people in business must confront the possibility that they must compromise
some of their important principles or values in order to protect other ones. One particularly interesting case that captures
this kind of situation is that of Google and its operations in China. In this paper, I examine the situation Google faces
as part of the larger issue of moral compromise and integrity in business. Though I look at Google, this paper is just as
much about the underlying or background views Google faces that are at work in business ethics. In the process, I argue the
following: First, the framework Google has used to respond to criticisms of its actions does not successfully or obviously
address the important ethical issues it faces. Second, an alternative ethical account can be presented that better addresses
these ethical and human rights questions. However, this different framework brings the issue of moral compromise to the fore.
This is an approach filled with dangers, particularly since it is widely held that one ought never to compromise one’s moral
principles. Nevertheless, I wish to propose that there may be a place for moral compromise in business under certain conditions,
which I attempt to specify. 相似文献
13.
Isabel Gallego‐Alvarez Luis Rodríguez‐Domínguez Javier Martín Vallejo 《Business ethics (Oxford, England)》2020,29(3):570-586
The aim of our research is to analyze how different religions influence business ethics. We develop an index of practices in the field of business ethics, made up of 19 items containing practices related to workers, consumers, products, human rights, management of ethical conflicts, and crime prevention. Also, we consider a wide range of religion affiliations. To undertake this research, we use a panel data sample composed of 11,956 firm‐year observations from 18 countries. Drawing on stakeholder theory, we posit some hypotheses based on the religions considered. The results obtained show that a higher percentage of religious adherents in the country where a company does business usually involve the implementation of more ethical practices in the corporate field. These findings are obtained for Christian, Islamic, Jewish, and Hindu religions. In contrast, this does not stand for Buddhist and folk religions. Also, countries where there is no predominant religion do not show a confluence between religion and ethical corporate practices. 相似文献
14.
Ethics from the top: top management and ethical business 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Doris Schroeder 《Business ethics (Oxford, England)》2002,11(3):260-267
Codes of ethics and conduct typically demand the highest standard of ethical behaviour from every single employee. This implies a democratic or lobbyist understanding of ethics in business. The contrasting view would argue that business ethics is an elitist undertaking that can only be instigated from the top, by managing directors or owner managers. This article looks at three types of ethical businesses, three types of approaches to ethical problem-solving, and three possible incentives for ethical business to see which of the above is more convincing. It will be argued that the impulse for value-driven business has to come from the top. Only top management and owner managers have the opportunity to foster major change in business practice. 相似文献
15.
Sandrine Frémeaux Grant Michelson Christine Noël-Lemaitre 《Journal of Business Ethics》2018,153(1):231-243
There is an extensive body of work that has previously examined the teaching of ethics in business schools whereby it is hoped that the values and behaviours of students might be provoked to show positive and enduring change. Rather than dealing with the content issues of particular business ethics courses per se, this article explores the philosophical foundations and the structural conditions for developing ethical training programs in business schools. It is informed by historical analysis, specifically, an examination of Platonic and Aristotelian philosophies that inspires virtue ethics, and together provides four conditions for consideration: respect for law, dialectics, imitation and deliberation. We outline the necessary structural conditions for implementing these requirements as well as suggesting the necessary pedagogical protocol applicable to all courses. It is argued that reference to our two ancient Greek philosophers provide many valuable and insightful lessons for the implementation of ethical training today including choice of theoretical content and the approach towards learning. Further, the enactment of a pedagogical protocol requires a policy of recruiting and managing business school teachers-instructors that takes into account, and consciously encourages, intellectual, relational and spiritual pedagogical qualities. 相似文献
16.
A number of empirical studies have examined business ethics across cultures, focusing primarily on differences in ethical profiles between cultures and groups. When managers consider whether or not to develop a business relationship with those from a different culture, their decision may be affected by actual differences in ethical profiles, but potentially even more so by their perceptions of ethicality in the counterpart culture. The latter issue has been largely ignored in extant empirical research regarding cross-cultural ethical profiles. In this study, we employ a design that allows for a more complete analysis of cross-cultural perspectives, examining both the manner in which selected cultures view themselves and the manner in which those same cultures perceive the ethical profiles of others. To this end, we surveyed master’s students in business fields at several universities in the United States and China—two countries/cultures that engage in a significant amount of business transactions—and examined differences in personal ethical profiles across cultures, differences in one group’s ethical profile and the way it is perceived by the other group, and differences in perceived ethical profiles across cultures; that is, differences in how groups view each other. Findings suggest meaningful discrepancies in the ethical perceptions formed toward the counterpart culture. Results support a role for ethical perceptions in future research, and further examination and inquiry into the development and adaptation of ethical perceptions in cross-cultural business dealings. 相似文献
17.
F. Neil Brady 《Journal of Business Ethics》1999,19(3):309-318
In the field of business ethics, expositions of ethical theory have tended to focus on deontology and utilitarianism. More inclusive reviews of ethical theory tend to be historical and unsystematic. This paper approaches the task of representing the variety of ethical theories systematically. It does so by constructing a schema of possibilities in ethical theory which maps out six "voices", or theoretical positions, all of which are relevant and important for understanding ethics in business. This approach helps to account for the continual presence of dilemmas and conflicts in ethics. 相似文献
18.
Michael Schwartz 《Journal of Business Ethics》2000,23(2):173-184
The article protests against the usage of ethical codes by business organisations. It asserts that professionals are in a different situation to that of employees; and that with the latter ethical codes are used by management to ensure compliance and are devoid of ethical content. Ethical codes it is argued are part of management's control system in a time of flatter organisational structures with a far wider span of control. It is also asserted that the ambitions of some to utilise ethical codes so that the business organisation is able to engender societal change is dangerous and likely, if successful, to return us to an age which we could not seriously desire to re-visit. 相似文献
19.
Whereas a range of business and management scholars have argued that business is in an ethical crisis, Nietzsche makes it possible to see that it is ethics itself that is in crisis, and that only as the crisis in ethics is dealt with can ethics in specific areas such as business be addressed. Nihilism is the name that Nietzsche gives to the crisis in ethics. The failure to fully appreciate nihilism and its pervasiveness as the root cause of the problem, as evident in the perpetual quest to obliterate nihilism through the creation of ethical frameworks and foundations, has plunged business and ethics scholarship in the field, ever deeper in the quagmire of nihilism. In response to nihilism, Nietzsche offers a re‐evaluation of all values. To re‐evaluate all values means to accept nihilism and see it as a basis for questioning taken for granted assumptions that have supported the notion of ethics or values in order to re‐imagine an ethics which is responsive to the crisis of nihilism. The paper thus proposes that rather than trying to invent new ethics or ethical foundations, or figuring out “how” to be ethical, we need to turn our attention on the “why to be” of ethics. 相似文献
20.
The Effect of National Culture on Whistle-Blowing Perceptions 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Society continues to be concerned about the impact of ethics on decision making. While many researchers have focused on this issue, the increased globalization of today's business suggests that more emphasis should be given to the potential impact of culture on ethical decisions. The current study is based, in part, on the work of Hofstede (1980, 1991) who identified multiple dimensions on which countries differ in terms of culture. As such, it gives consideration to the impact of national culture on ethical decision making. The study focuses on ethical decisions made by U.S. and Taiwanese accounting students and examines cross-cultural differences in business-related ethical perceptions. Results indicated significant differences between the ethical perspectives and judgments of U.S. and Taiwanese accounting students in a whistle-blowing scenario, particularly with respect to Hofstede's individualism dimension. These findings enhance our understanding of cross-cultural ethical differences. The implications of these results are discussed and suggested areas for future research are proposed. 相似文献