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A production function fitted on data for 232 production regions of the South African Agriculture, yielded negative signs for the land and machinery inputs. The inputs were then transformed into standardised orthogonal variates. A production function was derived from the orthogonal variates by dropping components that contributed little to the resource variation. The t-values in the latter function showed a substantial improvement on that of the first function, and the machinery input turned positive. A component analysis on all the input factors, including farm income, indicates that farmers pay a premium for extensive farming land which is not reflected in their income. This may be attributed to more leisure time enjoyed by livestock farmers, or more satisfaction derived from this type of farming.  相似文献   

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This paper discusses many of the problems encountered in estimating production functions in a low-income farm area in Saskatchewan. It also ermines the difficulties of interpreting the estimated structural coefficients and their usefulness in policy formulation.
The econometric difficulties discussed in production function estimation are those of function selection and choice and rearmament of variables. Many of the comments are also relevant to other forms of quantitative research.
It is combed that: a great deal of arbitrariness is involved in selecting the appropriate production function model, statistical results often conflict with economic theory, it is impossible to interpret the results in a meaningful manner, and production function research is unable to. provide fruitful information for the type of policy decisions deemed desirable to change the economic structure of low-income farm areas.  相似文献   

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To derive policy-relevant information, the translog form of a separable restricted profit function was used to model empirically estate tea production in Sri Lanka. Data consisted of 87 observations of prices and quantities for various inputs and outputs from 54 different Sri Lankan tea estates. In different tests, the estimated model respected generally the properties implied by underlying assumptions. Results indicated increasing economies of scale in the factory across the sample and optimal field size to be between 300 and 400 hectares. Amongst estimated short-term elasticities, the supply elasticity of made tea was found to be +0.94.  相似文献   

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The economics of taxation as a major element of agricultural policy is seldom analyzed, although taxation can be and is an important part of the agricultural policies of many nations. This paper describes some of the ways taxation policy can be employed to achieve a variety of public policy objectives. Using a production economics framework, the discussion indicates some of the consequences of viewing policy primarily in a taxation (or factor) dimension as opposed to a product dimension.
LA F1SCALITÉ: UN ASPECT NÉGLIGÉ DE ĽÉCONOMIE DE LA PRODUCTION–Ľeconomie de la fiscalité en tant qu'élément important de la politique agricole est rarement analysée, bien que les impôts puissent être et sont un élément important de la politique agricole de beaucoup de nations. Le présent mémoire décrit certains des moyens par lesquels la politique fiscale peut être employée pour atteindre divers objectifs ďordre public. Utilisant le cadre de ľéconomie de la production, la discussion indique certaines des conséquences de considérer la politique surtout dans une dimension fiscale (ou élémentaire) par opposition à une dimension de produit.  相似文献   

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Because methods of eliminating aggregation bias are impracticable, an alternative method is suggested for reducing aggregation bias which uses regression estimates of farm resonrce availabilities as functions of farm size. The estimates are incorporated in a parametric run of the LP problem in which size is parameterized. The method is applied to a case study problem, and the results compared with other methods of demarcating representative farms.  相似文献   

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Two methods of evaluating (the net social benefits of the dairy herd-improvement scheme operated by the New South Wales Department of Agriculture are described. The first involves derivation of 'an input demand' function for the herd-recording aspect of the scheme and use of this function to estimate the economic surplus (net of both private and public costs) provided by the service. The second approach involves deriving a production function for milk from which it is possible to estimate the contribution herd-recording and artificial breeding have made to increasing milk yields per cow. Social benefits are shown to have been less than social costs for herd-recording, however dairy farmers have made net private gains. The herd-recording scheme has contained a regressive subsidy element. The production function approach show that artificial breeding and herd-recording were profitable complements in production.  相似文献   

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Fitting production junctions has become little more than a quantitative exercise for economists. They have been computed for virtually every phase of the real economy with a considerable degree of accuracy. One of the areas that has continued to present some difficulties in this regard is agriculture. The difficulties have been of such magnitude in the United States that an accepted technique has been to proceed directly to the supply function. The authors suggest that the above procedure need not be followed in the Canadian case. They fit a five variable linear multiple regression relation to Canadian agriculture which fits the industry quite Well in terms of explained variation and adherence to the assumption of the analysis. This is substantially in contrast with the U.S. experience indicating a substantial difference in either data, the agricultural industries, or both. An aggregate production function of use for policy formulation purposes has been made available for the Canadian case. ?adjustage des fonctions de production ne devient guére que de ?eiercice quantatif pour les économistes. Elles ont été calculées avec un degré de précision notable pour presque toute phase de ?économie réelle. Vn des domaines qui continuent à présenter des difficultés à ce sujet est ?agriculture. Les difficultés ont été?une telle ampleur aui Etats-Unis qu'une technique accreditée est de se rendre directement à la fonction ?offre. Les auteurs suggérent qu'au Canada on n'est pas obligé de suivre le procédé ci-dessus mentioné. Ils ajustent une relation linéaire de régression multiple à cinq variables à?agriculture canadienne. Elle s'ajuste à?industrie assez bien quant à la variation expliquée et à?appui des présomptions de ?analyse. Le contraste entre ces faits et ?expérience américaine indique qu'il y a une différence considérable ou des donnees ou des industries agricoles ou les deux. On met à la disposition de ?investigateur canadien une fonction de production globale qui est utile à formuler des politiques.  相似文献   

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The literature shows that the influence of yield uncertainty on production relative to quota is ambiguous in the case of a single market. This paper uses a two-market framework (quota market and secondary market) with multiplicative yield uncertainty to show that if over-quota production in the absence of yield uncertainty is profitable, then the presence of yield uncertainty is unambiguously a further stimulus to over-quota production. The analysis is discussed in the context of recent changes to the marketing arrangements for Western Australian potatoes.  相似文献   

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The sources of production risk are many and diverse in nature. Estimating risk as a black box, without explicit recognition of its sources, can lead to inferior estimates of optimal inputs under risk aversion. In this paper, a method is presented for estimating production functions with measurable stochastic inputs and for generating the parameters of the probability distributions of yield for various environments and input levels. Based on this method, it appears that moderate risk aversion can account for a 6.7 per cent to 16.7 per cent reduction in nitrogen use (relative to the risk-neutral solution) for selected rice producing areas of the Philippines. Estimating optimal inputs without environment specific information about the sources of risk leads to large errors. This underscores the value of collecting information about the sources of risk and of exercising caution when such information is not available.  相似文献   

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A decision theoretic approach to agricultural policy decision making is examined to discover whether a utility function of an Australian Wool Corporation decision maker can be established and, if so, whether this can be used to improve the policy analysing performance of an agricultural sector linear programming model. After discussing the theoretical requirements of the utility function elicitation and the elicitation procedures, the characteristics of the resulting functions are examined. A means for its inclusion in a linear programming framework is described and some analysis of policy is carried out. The general conclusions are that the relevance of the agricultural sector analysis is enhanced by the use of such a utility function.  相似文献   

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In this paper the impact of cotton on a traditional food crop system in a semi-arid area of Kenya is analysed using a linear programming model and sensitivity analysis. Alternative criteria, maximax, maximin, and a standard average return maximand, are used in turn. The solutions are all evaluated as ‘best year’, ‘worst year’, and average values. This gives a range of results that cakes account of the uncertainty in the farming situation. Several policy conclusions follow from the analysis. It is argued that the approach used is more realistic than an approach in which a single maximand is used, and that the simplicity of the approach brings it within reach of many involved in farm production analysis.  相似文献   

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The production function approach has been one of the two main ex-post procedures used to estimate the rate of return to agricultural research. A critical part of estimating the marginal internal rate of return (MIRR) is the procedure adopted to spread the benefits of research through time. Past studies using this approach have given only brief consideration to this computational procedure. The objective in this study was to review the different computational procedures used and, then, using cross-section production function estimates for U.S. agriculture, determine whether the MIRR estimates are sensitive to the computational procedure used. The results from this comparison indicate a large range in the estimates. The implication, then, is that careful consideration should be given to the choice of computational procedure, both when undertaking such a study and when comparing the results of different studies.  相似文献   

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Aggregation bias is acknowledged to be one of the more serious problems confronting the Linear Programming approach to supply analysis. Whilst the literature abounds with theoretical solutions to the problem there is a notable lack of ideas on how these solutions might be made operational. This conclusion holds a fortiori for the dynamic case. This paper discusses a practical methodology for the classification of farms in order to minimise aggregation bias, and also the implications of avoiding bias for the specification of dynamic linear models.  相似文献   

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Taking the price situation as given in product and factor markets, a non-linear differential equation model of gross output, employment, capital accumulation, and gross input for united Kingdom agriculture is derived by incorporating internal adjustment cost functions into the representative decision-maker's objective function, and estimated using a discrete approximation. The results are consistent with efficient use of resources, but further incentives for capital investment and a greater exodus of labour could upset this. Adjustment costs as estimated account for 2.6 per cent of the value of output; those associated with net investment for 1.8 per cent, and those associated with employment and gross input for 0.57 and 0.23 per cent respectively.  相似文献   

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