椭圆曲线密码系统在单片机中的实现

具有加密和数字签名功能的IC卡在电子商务和电子政务中有很重要的应用，如银行系统的电子消费、电子钱包等，本讨论了椭圆曲线密码系统在单片机中的实现，从理论和实践上说明了椭圆曲线密码系统在IC卡中实现是可能的。     

椭圆曲线公钥密码

一、前言 电子商务、电子政务的浪潮席卷全球，公开密钥基础设施（ PKI）为此提供了一种较为完善的安全解决方案，同时为各种公钥密码的应用提供了良好的环境。为保障通信的安全，对一些计算资源和存储资源受限制的用户端（如 PDA、手机、智能卡）来说，椭圆曲线公钥密码 (Elliptic Curve Cryptography)技术是首选的密码技术。 1985年 V.Miller和 N.koblitz各自提出椭圆曲线公钥密码 (ECC)，这是继 Lenstra的椭圆曲线大数分解、 Goldwasser和 Kilian的素性检验后，椭圆曲线理论在密码学中的又一次全新的应用。它的思想仍然是将在各…     

椭圆曲线加密在智能卡中的应用

本详细介绍了椭圆曲线加密算法的数学理论基础，并对比分析了椭圆曲线加密算法的性能，得到了其安全曲线。然后，论详细介绍了椭圆曲线加密算法在智能卡PIN鉴别中的算法和流程实现。     

标识密码技术在金融信息安全中的应用研究

正标识密码技术是新一代安全体系的基石。随着互联网经济和信息化金融的快速崛起,信息安全问题也从狭义的信息系统和网络系统不断延伸到网际空间。为适应网际安全的要求,新一代安全体系将颠覆防御为主的思想,通过网际空间任意实体惟一性和真实性的自证与互证,构建可信系统,实现信息安全的主动管理。由此可见,在网际安全阶段,新一代安全体系的核心是实现网际空间任意实体的认证,而标识密码技术是利用实体的惟一标识作为公钥的密码体制,可基于标识提供实体的     

数字签名技术探析

随着信息技术的技术发展和社会信息化的要求的不断变化,计算机网络的应用领域也不断扩大,网络技术已深入到军事、商业、金融、邮电等诸多领域。但是,人们在这些领域的应用时常会遇到一类特殊的问题,即如何确保网络中敏感数据的安全。     

Rijndael算法及其在数据库加密中的应用

随着硬件技术、网络技术、通信技术和数据库技术的不断发展，数据库应用系统的性能、功能有了很大的改善，基于Intemet的B／S模式逐渐在银行数据库应用系统中得到更为广泛的应用。在B／S模式下，数据库一般存放于数据库服务器或直接存放在WEB服务器上。客户通过浏览器访问服务器上的数据时，通过网络向后台数据     

电子签名在保险业务中的应用

在传统商务交易中，为了保证交易的安全与真实，一份书面合同或公需要由当事人或负责人签字或盖章，以便让交易双方识别是谁签的合同，并能保证签字或盖章的人认可合同的内容，在法律上才能承认这份合同是有效的。签名有两个功能：标识签名人和表示签名人对件内容的认可，而在电子商务的虚拟世界中，合同或件是以电子件的形式表现和传递的。在电子件上，传统的手写签名和盖章是无法进行的，必须由技术手段替代，电子签名应运而生。     

New tests of the new-Keynesian Phillips curve

Lagged dependent variables typically play an important role in empirical models of inflation. Do these lags reflect backward-looking inflation expectations, or do they proxy for rational forward-looking expectations, as in the new-Keynesian Phillips curve? Galí and Gertler [1999. Inflation dynamics: a structural econometric analysis. Journal of Monetary Economics 44, 195-222] attempt to answer this question using GMM to estimate specifications incorporating both lagged and future inflation. They report small coefficients on lagged inflation and conclude that the new-Keynesian model provides a good first approximation to inflation dynamics. We show that these tests have low power against alternative backward-looking specifications, and demonstrate that their results are also consistent with a backward-looking Phillips curve. Using an alternative approach, we find that the new-Keynesian pricing model cannot explain the importance of lagged inflation in standard inflation regressions, and find that forward-looking terms play a very limited role in explaining inflation dynamics.     

Economic determinants of the nominal treasury yield curve

Macroeconomic shocks account for most of the variability of nominal Treasury yields, inducing parallel shifts in the level of the yield curve. We develop a new approach to identifying macroeconomic shocks that exploits model-based empirical shock measures. Technology shocks shift yields through their effect on expected inflation and the term premium. Shocks to preferences for current consumption affect yields through their impact on real rates and expected inflation. For both shocks, the systematic reaction of monetary policy is an important transmission pathway. We find little evidence that fiscal policy shocks are an important source of interest rate variability.     

A structural decomposition of the US yield curve

By expanding the macro part of macro-finance models, historical fluctuations in US bond yields turn out to be largely consistent with the rational expectations hypothesis. We estimate a medium-scale macro-finance DSGE model of the term structure to establish this. Our finding contrasts with existing macro-finance models and suggests that their—small-scale or non-structural—perspective on the macroeconomy mutes expectations, thereby underestimating the expectations hypothesis’ potential. Out-of-sample forecasts are competitive with more flexible term structure models. Given the empirical validation, we interpret various episodes through the lens of the model and investigate which structural shocks cause the yield curve to contain information about future growth.     

Robustness of the estimates of the hybrid New Keynesian Phillips curve

Galí and Gertler [1999. Inflation dynamics: a structural econometric approach. Journal of Monetary Eonomics 44(2), 195-222] developed a hybrid variant of the New Keynesian Phillips curve that relates inflation to real marginal cost, expected future inflation and lagged inflation. GMM estimates of the model suggest that forward-looking behavior is dominant: the coefficient on expected future inflation substantially exceeds the coefficient on lagged inflation. While the latter differs significantly from zero, it is quantitatively modest. Several authors have suggested that our results are the product of specification bias or suspect estimation methods. Here we show that these claims are incorrect, and that our results are robust to a variety of estimation procedures, including GMM estimation of the closed form, and nonlinear instrumental variables. Also, as we discuss, many others have obtained very similar results to ours using a systems approach, including FIML techniques. Hence, the conclusions of GG and others regarding the importance of forward-looking behavior remain robust.     

试论设计管理在产品设计中的实现

产品是企业的中心,企业的一切政策、规划、运营都是以产品为中心展开的.在产品设计中实现设计管理,对我国企业具有重要意义.设计管理跨越了企业中传统的部门界限,使企业形成一种新的、更加紧密的结构,有助于企业建立协作优势.设计管理在产品设计中的实现应建立产品设计管理的组织框架并遵循产品设计管理的原则.