"经济人假说"的理论回顾及启示

经济人假说自十八世纪末斯密提出"经济人"以来,经历了由"古典经济人"到"新古典经济人"再到"新经济人"漫长的发展历程.在古典经济学时期,"经济人"完全依赖于功利主义而发展,到了新古典经济学时期,"经济人"则日益被抽象为数学晶体式的理性经济人.近三十年来,经济人假说在非经济领域得到拓展.尽管"经济人"假说常常遭到非主流经济学家的批评和责难,但其顽强的生命力却带给人们许多启示.     

基于行为金融学的“经济人”与自然人的辨证思考

纵观从亚当·斯密开始至今二百多年的经济学发展史,经济学家们在研究和发展其经济学说时,总是在一定的基本假设前提下进行的。2002年10月9日,瑞典皇家科学院将诺贝尔经济学奖授予美国普林斯顿大学(Princeton University)心理学教授卡尼曼(Dainiel Kahneman)教授和美国乔治—梅森大学(George Meson University)的弗农·史密斯(Vernon Smith)教授,他们因为行为金融学的巨大成就而获此殊荣。文章从行为金融学的崛起对"经济人"与自然人进行了一些的辨证思考。     

理性经济人批判与国家理性行为体假说

该文基于理性经济人批判,提出符合时代要求与社会进步的"国家理性行为体"假说,即假设国家作为一个整体,国家行为必须要从事物发展的客观规律出发,综合权衡全体国民短、中、长期的利益需求及其可获得性,以均衡、稳定与可持续地增进全体国民福利最大化为目的。     

内部审计:理性经济人的行为选择分析

国家审计署审计长李金华在十届全国人大十次会议上所作的《关于2003年度中央预算执行和其他财政收支的审计工作报告》中列举的问题触目惊心，再次引起人们的广泛关注。国家体育总局动用中国奥委会专项资金1．31亿元建设职工住宅小区，借给下属单位投资办企业；国家电力公司投资、借款、担保、大额采购和重大股权变动项目6818个，有损失或潜在损失的项目631个，     

“经济人”概念的双重假设及其相互关系

“经济人”概念包含着两种基本假设。虽然其第一种假设是毋庸置疑的,但以它为真并不能推出第二种假设为真。无限理性经济人是违反现实与逻辑的抽象虚构。     

论社会主义市场经济中的“经济人”范式

在经济思想发展史上，“经济人”是西方经济学的基本假设，是以追求私利最大化为目标的市场经济活动主体。随着市场经济在我国的确立与发展，西方经济学中的“经济人”也出现在各种经济活动中。在承认西方“经济人”的积极作用的同时，作为社会主义国家，我们必须构建符合中国国情的社会主义市场经济中的“经济人”范式：既要追求物质上的利己。更要追求精神上的利己。在社会主义初级阶段，生产力水平决定经济人表现为物质上的利己为主、精神上的利己为辅；当生产力发展到较高阶段，物质上的利己将退居为次要地位，精神上的利己将占据主导地位。     

双重理性：道德经济人的行为选择状态

“经济人”具有经济理性，“道德人”具有道德理性。“道德经济人”实质是“经济人”与“道德人”的统一和融合，因此，“道德经济人”的行为选择状态是经济理性和道德理性并存的双重理性。因此，在讨论“道德经济人”的行为选择状态时，认为人的正常行为是从一定的理性出发，反映了人对于个人与他人、与社会、与自然的相互关系的思考，解决了人的行为的形式与内容，“道德经济人”个体的外部性经济行为带来的经济利益的增加，其结果具有互利性。     

双重理性：道德经济人的行为选择状态

“经济人”具有经济理性,“道德人”具有道德理性。“道德经济人”实质是“经济人”与“道德人”的统一和融合,因此,“道德经济人”的行为选择状态是经济理性和道德理性并存的双重理性。现实中,“道德经济人”能够很好地实现个人利益与社会利益的统一,在经济理性和道德理性共同支配下的“道德经济人”占主导的社会必将是一个和谐、有序的社会。     

理性经济人的“非理性”行为分析──硅谷不眠精神的经济学思考

一、引言美国经济的持续繁荣与硅谷是密不可分的。据美国商业部1998年“新兴数字经济”报告一文估计,美国信息技术部门对实际经济增长的贡献年超过1／4。1996年和1997年信息技术产品降价使总通胀率减少了一个百分点,由31％降为2％。作为高技术产业的一部分,信息技术产业对美国经济增长的贡献是毋庸置疑的,由此作为高科技摇篮的硅谷日益受到人们的关注。从1957年8个持不同意见的工程师从半导体鼻祖肖克莱的实验室跳槽出来,加盟‘仙童”半导体公司算起,40多个年头过去了,硅谷已从唯—一个硅半导体公司增长到2000个电子和软件公司以及数…     

意识形态与“经济人”假定

为研究的方便,＂经济人＂假定中不包括人的情感动机使得很多现象不能用经济学理论解释。事实上,情感动机的加入可以完善＂经济人＂的假定,同时,不改变经济学分析的基本方法,成功的意识形态还可以有效地减少交易费用。     

A behavioral model of the economic long wave

This paper presents a simple model of the economic long wave. The model is based on the System Dynamics National Model. Since 1975 the National Model has provided an increasingly rich theory of the economic long wave. The theory relates capital investment, employment and workforce participation, monetary and fiscal policy, inflation, productivity and innovation, and even political values. The model presented here focuses on capital investment. The structure of the model is shown to be consistent with the principles of bounded rationality. The behavior of the model is analyzed, and capital self-ordering is shown to be sufficient to generate long waves. The model complements the National Model by providing a representation of the dynamic hypothesis that is amenable to formal analysis and is easily extended to include other important mechanisms that may influence the nature of the long wave.     

On the behavioral and rational foundations of economic dynamics

Existing uncertainties about the correct explanations for economic growth and business cycles cannot be settled by aggregative analysis within the neoclassical framework. Current disputes in theory rest largely on ad hoc, casually empirical, assumptions about departures from perfect rationality under uncertainty. Such disputes can only be settled by painstaking microeconomic empirical study of human decision making and problem solving. Microeconomic research of the kinds that are required can receive powerful guidance from the theories of human thinking that have been developed and tested over the past twenty five years by cognitive psychologists.     

Learning and behavioral stability An economic interpretation of genetic algorithms

This article tries to connect two separate strands of literature concerning genetic algorithms. On the one hand, extensive research took place in mathematics and closely related sciences in order to find out more about the properties of genetic algorithms as stochastic processes. On the other hand, recent economic literature uses genetic algorithms as a metaphor for social learning. This paper will face the question of what an economist can learn from the mathematical branch of research, especially concerning the convergence and stability properties of the genetic algorithm. It is shown that genetic algorithm learning is a compound of three different learning schemes. First, each particular scheme is analyzed. Then it is shown that it is the combination of the three schemes that gives genetic algorithm learning its special flair: A kind of stability somewhere in between asymptotic convergence and explosion.     

The evolution of morality and the end of economic man

1871 saw the publication of two major treatises in economics, with self-seeking economic man at their center. In the same year Darwin published The Descent of Man, which emphasized sympathy and cooperation as well as self-interest, and contained a powerful argument that morality has evolved in humans by natural selection. Essentially this stance is supported by modern research. This paper considers the nature of morality and how it has evolved. It reconciles Darwin’s notion that a developed morality requires language and deliberation (and is thus unique to humans), with his other view that moral feelings have a long-evolved and biologically-inherited basis. The social role of morality and its difference with altruism is illustrated by an agent-based simulation. The fact that humans combine both moral and selfish dispositions has major implications for the social sciences and obliges us to abandon the pre-eminent notion of selfish economic man. Economic policy must take account of our moral nature.     

Three levels of education and the economic growth

The aim of this article is to solve the question how the three main stages of education contribute to the labour productivity growth in selected 125 countries in the period 1999–2014. The model is based on the neoclassical production function enhanced with human capital. The authors draw on the Penn World Tables 9.0 and UNESCO databases. The key benefit of this article is that human capital is characterized according to the returns to education from average number of years of formal schooling at the primary, secondary and tertiary level. Based on the panel data analysis, the contributions of capital and of the three levels of education to the growth of labour productivity are estimated. At the same time, the model allows to estimate the contribution of total factor productivity. The results of the analysis show that tertiary education has the strongest impact on labour productivity across the considered economies. At the same time, the breakdown of aggregate human capital by level of education leads to better clarification of the effects of human capital and physical capital on labour productivity. The conclusions also indicate a tendency towards rising returns to scale induced by the secondary and tertiary education.