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1.
Samuel Garrido 《Journal of Agrarian Change》2014,14(3):400-418
In the nineteenth century, Spanish irrigation was studied by a number of British and French engineers, who sought to acquire knowledge that could be applied to India and Algeria. In their reports, they said that Spanish irrigation communities were run by the irrigators themselves in a totally democratic way, which was not true. Although such ideas had hardly any practical consequences in colonial India and Algeria, they did have important repercussions in Spain, where the irrigation institutions came to resemble the image they had been given by the reporters, with the best results. Through the work of Elinor Ostrom, the myth created by the nineteenth‐century reporters has also eventually become an argument in favour of irrigation projects in today's developing countries being managed by water users’ associations. 相似文献
2.
The landscape has long been an important object of rural policy, particularly in terms of protecting scenic areas. Increasingly, however, landscape is seen as a multifunctional and holistic entity, which provides a framework for the governance and interdisciplinary study of spatial units. A central dilemma in the maintenance of cultural landscapes is that the historical practices which produced them are often obsolete, and new social and economic forces may fail to reproduce their valued properties. Sustainable development strategies therefore seek to instil ‘virtuous’ circles in cultural landscapes, linking society and economy to environmental service functions and land uses, in order to generate mutually reinforcing feedback loops resulting in socially preferred outcomes. We explore ways of investigating these linkages as a basis for future rural research and policy. We conceptualise cultural landscapes as ‘socio‐ecological systems’ (SESs), and consider their capacity for resilience and stability. Noting that resilient systems are characterised, not by simple equilibria, but by ‘basins of attraction’, we argue the need to understand the ways in which SESs stabilise within a particular basin, or move to an alternative. In particular, we reflect on the dynamics of ‘adaptive cycles’ that may lead to changes in system state. Finally, we discuss the development of appropriate models as tools for investigating whether a landscape is trending towards stability within a ‘vicious’ or a ‘virtuous’ circle, and evaluating potential interventions to alter this trajectory. 相似文献
3.
在十六、十七世纪的江南农业中，出现了一种新经营方式。这种经营方式体现了今日我们所说的生态农业的主要特点，通过改造资源，进行多样化的生产，同时利用食物链原理，对废物进行循环利用，从而降低了投入而增加的产出，达到了较高的生产率。这种生态农业最早出现在明代中期常熟的大经营中，明清之际时在嘉湖一带已相当普遍，并为小经营所采纳。这种生态农业在江南平原逐渐普及，为江南农业的发展起到了积极的作用。 相似文献
4.
该文回顾了我国大范围实施退耕还林生态工程的基本状况,阐述了开展退耕还林工程生态效应评价的重要性,并在总结评价方法研究的基础上,提出了从涵养水源效益、水土保持效益、大气质量改善效益、改善小气候效益4个方面进行退耕还林工程生态效应评价的指标体系,并给出了具体的指标计量方法。 相似文献
5.
Malin Olofsson 《Journal of Agrarian Change》2020,20(1):37-59
South African agrarian policy aims to integrate smallholder tree‐crop farmers into high‐end value chains with growth and employment potential, generally neglecting socio‐economic differentiation amongst them. This paper aims to analyse socio‐economic differentiation amongst tree‐crop farmers in Vhembe District, Limpopo, using a class‐based analysis based on livelihood diversification and accumulation. Cluster analysis of survey data and semi‐structured interviews reveals that most tree‐crop farmers engage in petty commodity production, internally differentiated by their combination of income sources and livelihood strategies. Farmers' ability to engage in accumulation and upward class mobility is generally severely constrained by limited access to capital. Agricultural diversification offers livelihood potential but limited possibility for accumulation, whereas salaried nonfarm work offers more promising prospects for accumulation but limited livelihood opportunities. A minority demonstrated characteristics of small‐scale capitalist farmers, internally differentiated by their reliance on salaried employment or agricultural production. The findings challenge the notion of an undifferentiated class of market‐oriented smallholders. 相似文献
6.
Daniel M. Cáceres 《Journal of Agrarian Change》2015,15(1):116-147
Drawing upon the concept of ‘accumulation by dispossession’, this paper analyses the expansion of agrarian capital in Argentina. A case study illustrates the social and environmental impacts of the expansion of agribusiness in central Argentina and the social struggle – both rural and urban – that has arisen to resist this process. Although government policies after the 2001 crisis differ in many ways from those of the 1990s, current agrarian policies are not significantly distinct from those followed during the pre‐crisis neoliberal period. Rather than ‘post‐neoliberal’, the new model could thus be better described as ‘neo‐extractivist’. With the connivance of the state, agribusiness is producing the largest‐ever transformation of natural capital into economic capital in the history of the region. Moreover, the latest policy developments suggest that Argentina is on the threshold of a new and deeper stage of agrarian capital expansion and wealth concentration, this time operating at a much larger scale. 相似文献
7.
M. Huby S. Cinderby A. M. Crowe S. Gillings C. J. McClean D. Moran A. Owen P. C. L. White 《Journal of Agricultural Economics》2006,57(2):295-312
At a global level, increasing emphasis on sustainable development highlights the importance of maintaining and enhancing biodiversity. Within the European Union, agricultural reforms will have a considerable influence on the links between biodiversity, agriculture and rural communities over the next 10–20 years. An understanding of the associations between biodiversity and the rural economy is important for the development of policies to promote environmentally sustainable economic and social well‐being. However, investigations of this type are frequently hindered by the different ways in which data in the natural and social sciences are collected. In this paper, we develop an innovative approach to combine data using a common spatial unit. We illustrate the application of this approach by examining associations between bird species richness, environmental and socio‐economic variables. Our results show how the statistical relationship between biodiversity and environmental factors is strengthened and contextualised by prevailing socio‐economic conditions. This example highlights the additional insights that can be gained from such an integrative approach, especially in terms of the questions it raises about the inter‐relationships between the social, physical and ecological dynamics of rural environments. 相似文献
8.
This paper uses an original integrated theoretical framework to reveal the mechanisms behind socio‐economic differentiation in the changing patterns of access to shea in western Burkina Faso, in the context of globalization of the shea nut trade and internal migrations from both the Mossi Plateau and the Sahelian zone. Based on more than 200 interviews, we unravel the complex dynamic mechanisms of changes in access to shea. We show that negotiations result in reduced access to shea for late comers as well as for people with a limited number of shea trees in their fields, since areas where shea is managed as a common‐pool resource are becoming less accessible. However, we also demonstrate that late comers are not powerless in the face of first comers’ claims to shea. Our results should help policy‐makers and project‐based activities concerning shea to focus more on issues related to access to this resource. 相似文献
9.
研究目的：探究多样化生态补偿的实施对农户家庭收入的影响及作用机理,为构建聚焦人民共同富裕和人与自然和谐共生的新时代生态补偿机制提供决策参考。研究方法：OLS估计方法、Bootstrap中介检验法、分位数回归模型。研究结果：（1）多样化生态补偿的实施对农户增收有显著正向影响,在使用一系列稳健性检验后,该结论仍然成立。（2）多样化生态补偿的实施通过丰富经济资本存量、提高非农就业率,进而促进农户收入增长“外生推动”。（3）多样生态补偿的实施通过增强农户自主发展能力、激发农户内生发展动力,进而实现农户收入增长“内生发展”。（4）多样化生态补偿的实施对低收入农户群体的增收效应更强,可有效降低村庄收入基尼系数与个人收入不平等指数,加快低收入农户群体向中高收入农户群体追赶的步伐,进而发挥缩小农村贫富差距的重要作用。研究结论：多样化生态补偿的实施能够有效缓解保护与发展之间的矛盾,助力农户家庭年收入长效稳定增长。 相似文献
10.
Enric Tello Gabriel Jover Ivan Murray Onofre Fullana Ricard Soto 《Journal of Agrarian Change》2018,18(3):483-516
The colonization of Mallorca gave rise to a late‐feudal agrarian society that evolved towards capitalism based on large estates owned by noblemen who hired large numbers of wage labourers from among smallholders living in agro‐towns, the dispossessed remnants of a formerly wealthier peasantry. These well‐off peasants originated from when the colonization frontier was open in the 13th and 14th centuries, but had been defeated when three peasant–plebeian revolts were crushed. Afterwards, Mallorca followed a latifundist transition towards agrarian capitalism similar to southern Italy or Spain, in sharp contrast with the middle‐peasant paths seen in Catalonia or Valencia. The land rent rose, while agricultural wages fell from 1659 to 1800. Peasant families could not survive, and had to supplement wages with the products of their own plots. This set a socio‐agroecological limit to growth in this agrarian class structure. The agrarian crisis at the end of the 19th century bankrupted the Mallorcan nobility. Bankers bought much of the land and sold it on as small allotments. This expanded the intensive cropping formerly limited to agro‐town belts, giving rise to a new “peasantization”. Despite their subordination, Mallorcan peasants had survived and created complex agroecological landscapes endowed with a rich biocultural heritage. 相似文献
11.
The present paper contains an analysis of the special characteristics of livestock systems in Spain, in the context of the domestic and international food relations that prevailed during the so‐called Second and Third Food Regimes. Spanish livestock is an interesting case because patterns of meat production and consumption have changed dramatically since the 1960s, as Spain has become one of Europe's major meat producers. There were also successive periods of transformation in Spain throughout the historical periods analysed herein, from an extensive to an intensive industrial model as well as from a domestically focused to an internationally oriented sector. In particular, the international context has been crucial in the development of Spanish livestock because of Spain's dependence on imported livestock feed and the increasing relevance of exports, especially to other European countries following Spain's accession to the European Union in 1986. 相似文献
12.
高保护价值森林判定与国家级生态公益林区划比较分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在对国内外高保护价值理念与应用简介基础上,进行了高保护价值森林判定与国家级生态公益林区划的比较。结果表明:两者之间交叉覆盖,在区划判定理念、林地区划界限、保护生物多样性和保持水土涵养水源目的等方面具有一致性,而在区划范畴、判定标准、内涵侧重点与范围、区划工作难易程度、区划结果应用效力等方面存在着差异。因此,建议开展高保护价值森林判定的通用性标准及其落实政策的研究。 相似文献
13.
目的 研究边疆少数民族地区贫困问题并对其进行多维相对贫困测度,精准找出不同区域的致贫原因、返贫风险,为缩小区域间差距实现共同富裕奠定基础。方法 文章以内蒙古自治区草原牧区为例,主要采用分层抽样调查方法获取一手数据,结合A-F双界限法对各区域进行多维相对贫困识别与测算。结果 （1）内蒙古地区基本不存在收入维度的贫困,生活维度的多维贫困指数也较低;（2）中部区域和西部区域主要是环境维度被剥夺,教育维度次之,第三是健康维度;（3）东部区域主要是教育维度被剥夺,其次是健康维度,第三是环境维度。（4）内蒙古自治区整体农牧户家庭基本满足其生活需求,但收入维度的可持续增长仍值得重视,且东中西部区域农牧户相对贫困区域性差异明显,东部区域对内蒙古牧区相对贫困状况影响较大。结论 东部区域可着重推进教育培训工作,中部区域扩大疾病报销范围,西部区域适当取消部分医疗保险限制条件。内蒙古自治区各级政府和相关部门要加大健康知识宣传力度和社会保障监管力度。加强环境治理、提高教育水平以及建设生态农牧业是促进内蒙古区域协调发展,实现共同富裕的重要举措。 相似文献
14.
This paper analyses the effects that the 2012 VAT reform in Spain had on households’ welfare, focusing on a major expenditure group: food and non‐alcoholic beverages. Households’ demands are modeled as a two‐stage Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System, which is then estimated by means of a consistent two‐step estimator introduced in Tauchmann ( 2010 ) and not previously used in studies of this type. This procedure allows consistent imposition of the traditional parameter restrictions that utility maximisation requires in the context of a censored model. Our results show that the welfare loss and the increment in the tax bill increase with income. We also show that expenditure on food and non‐alcoholic beverages grows less than proportionately with income. Consequently, households with lower income experience a greater welfare loss relative to their income levels. In short, the 2012 VAT reform in Spain, focusing on this expenditure group, can be considered as regressive. 相似文献
15.
A model of monopolistic competition is suggested to study common‐pool resource use. Individuals extract an input from the pool to produce a consumption good under decreasing average costs. The equilibrium output and population sizes are obtained under two types of usage conjectures. Somewhat counter‐intuitively, a cooperative equilibrium results in a larger population of harvesters but lower welfare than the noncooperative one. Some degree of population heterogeneity helps minimise the welfare gap between the two equilibria, but the size of heterogeneity may be a determinant if the resource pool becomes subsequently depleted. The model's potential for policy analysis is illustrated by considering how governance via institutional arrangements and transaction costs may be incorporated and inferred. 相似文献
16.
Protest Responses and Willingness to Accept: Ecosystem Services Providers’ Preferences towards Incentive‐Based Schemes 
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下载免费PDF全文 Anastasio J. Villanueva Klaus Glenk Macario Rodríguez‐Entrena 《Journal of Agricultural Economics》2017,68(3):801-821
The identification and treatment of protest responses in stated preference surveys has long been subject to debate. We analyse protest responses while investigating ecosystem services providers’ preferences for incentive‐based schemes. We use a choice experiment for olive farmers’ preferences for agri‐environmental scheme participation in southern Spain. Our two main objectives are: first, to identify and discuss a range of possible motives for protest responses that emerge in a WTA context; second, we analyse the impact on WTA estimates of censoring serial non‐participation linked to protest or high compensation requirements (very high takers). Using a random parameter logit model in WTA space, we find that the inclusion or exclusion of serial non‐participants in the analysis can have a significant impact on marginal and total WTA estimates. Based on the findings, the paper makes recommendations on how to reduce the incidence of protest responses through survey design, regarding the identification of protesters as opposed to very high takers, and regarding the treatment of both groups of respondents for WTA estimation. 相似文献
17.
Statements of willingness to pay (WTP) have been shown to be dependent upon the framing of the hypothetical market. In this paper we investigate the effects of variations in the timing and location of choice experiment questions concerned with conservation of a UK national park, as research involving measurement of psychological well‐being suggests potential differences for the same individual dependent upon when and where preferences are elicited. We apply the choice experiment technique to the valuation of changes in upland agricultural and semi‐natural landscapes in the Peak District National Park in the UK, to investigate whether timing and location of elicitation (context) affects the value associated with changes in ecosystem services under different management regimes. Four treatments are employed – using the same sample of individuals answering the same choice scenarios – to measure WTP ex‐ante (off site), in situ (on site), and ex‐post at two different time intervals (off site). We show that our on‐site (in situ) treatment generates very different estimates of preferences than any of the off‐site treatments. That stated preferences associated with environmental goods are so context dependent may have implications for the use of stated preferences in policy analysis in terms of identifying how environmental policy is funded and the divergence in value attributed to sampling different populations. 相似文献
18.
Mark Paul 《Journal of Agrarian Change》2019,19(1):162-180
In the United States, there is a tremendous amount of interest in community‐supported agriculture (CSA) among farmers, consumers, activists, and policymakers. Despite the attention garnered by CSA and the resurgence of local agriculture, relatively few studies have examined the livelihood opportunities for farmers within local agriculture. This paper evaluates the livelihoods of CSA farmers from the farmers' perspective in the Connecticut River Valley of Massachusetts. Results indicate that although CSA farmers earn more farm income than other farms across the United States on average, they still earn far below the median national income and generally fail to earn a living wage. Despite these findings, CSA farmers stressed the importance of the broader social, ecological, and economic benefits to farming. Although these non‐market benefits are a significant source of well‐being from the CSA farmers' perspective, CSA has largely failed to provide adequate livelihoods for farmers to date. 相似文献
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20.
Maria Espinosa‐Goded Jesús Barreiro‐Hurlé Eric Ruto 《Journal of Agricultural Economics》2010,61(2):259-273
Agri‐environmental schemes (AES) have had a limited effect on European agriculture due to farmers’ reluctance to participate. Information on how farmers react when AES characteristics are modified can be an important input to the design of such policies. This article investigates farmers’ preferences for different design options in a specific AES aimed at encouraging nitrogen fixing crops in marginal dry‐land areas in Spain. We use a choice experiment survey conducted in two regions (Aragón and Andalusia). The analysis employs an error component random parameter logit model allowing for preference heterogeneity and correlation amongst the non‐status quo alternatives. Farmers show a strong preference for maintaining their current management strategies; however, significant savings in cost or increased participation can be obtained by modifying some AES attributes. 相似文献