Rural Adaptation in Russia: Who Responds and How Do We Measure It?

Utilizing survey data from 800 households in five regions of Russia, this article attempts to measure adaptation to reform stimuli according to socio-economic strata. While the orthodox literature has emphasized rural resistance to reform, in fact one of the main analytical obstacles is differentiating between adaptive and survival strategies. Time horizon is used as the primary criterion to distinguish between adaptive and survival behaviour. The article analyses adaptive responses by examining the use of rural credit, the operation of a household business, the enlargement of household land plots and a set of attitudes that taken together comprise an 'entrepreneurial spirit'.     

The Development of Agrarian Capitalism in Post‐Soviet Russia

A core set of criteria have been met, so that it is accurate to speak of an agrarian capitalist system in Russia. The development of agrarian capitalism carries with it increased stratification, which is analysed along five dimensions: earned income, land expansion, use of credit, income from food sales and income from household enterprise. The paper demonstrates increasing differentiation between households, between professional cohorts and within professional cohorts. The data showing stratification within professions suggest that intra‐cohort stratification is driving most of the inter‐cohort stratification. The Russian model of agrarian capitalism and its processes of stratification have yielded a bifurcated countryside in which a thin stratum of ‘super winners’ has emerged. Economic processes have developed beyond simple stratification and have created the basis from which a rudimentary class structure appears to be forming.     

城中村拆迁对原住民社会阶层变化的影响 ——以武汉市为例

研究目的:基于对武汉市洪山区两个已拆迁城中村原住民的调研数据,分析拆迁对原住民社会阶层变化的影响,为维护社会稳定、缩小贫富差距、完善城中村治理提供基础资料。研究方法:采用潜在类别分析方法在软件LatentGold 4.5中进行客观分层模型和住房分层模型估计,归纳拆迁前后社会客观阶层与住房阶层结构的特征与变化。研究结果:拆迁前社会客观结构为中间大、两头小的"橄榄型",拆迁后中间退休阶层与零工底层群体融合形成新的零工退休阶层,客观社会阶层类别减少,社会分层趋于同质化,阶层分化减弱。拆迁后城中村居民住房的绝对价值均有所提高,住房价值整体的不平等差异减弱,而各个客观阶层内部住房价值的非均衡性均有所增加,阶层间的住房价值差距也随着拆迁而扩大。住房分层与社会客观分层存在较为复杂的关系,前者未打破人们原有的社会客观位置而重构社会阶层,但也并未与客观分层表现为完全的一致性,而是不同客观阶层的住房价值分布特征各不相同。研究结论:未来应重视拆迁对城中村居民的住房财产、社会阶层等各方面的影响,针对城中村社会阶层结构的特征探寻规范化、差别化且能够兼顾效率与公平的拆迁补偿制度,以缓和阶层矛盾。     

城居地主与近代江南农村经济

城居地主问题是目前近代经济史领域的前沿性课题，本文以近代江南地区城居地主为研究对象，力求客观地探讨了城居地主对农村经济所作出的投资和积极影响。     

私人借贷与农村经济和农民生活关系研究-以土改后中南区为例

私人借贷在全国解放前一直是农村金融体系的重要组成部分。解放以后,从20世纪50年代初期中南区各省的调查材料来看,由于经济落后、家庭经济弱小、缺乏完善的社会保障和现代金融体系等原因,私人借贷虽受到抑制但仍有一定程度的发展。这一时期的私人借贷在功能上以互助互济为主,在一定程度解决了农户生产生活上的诸多困难,促进了农村经济的发展。国家银行业务在农村的延伸和农村信用社的发展在一定程度上压缩了私人借贷的空间,但不能完全替代私人借贷。     

Reflexive Interdisciplinary Research: The Making of a Research Programme on the Rural Economy and Land Use

This paper provides an account of the origins and formation of the UK Research Councils’ Rural Economy and Land Use (RELU) programme and its approach to promoting interdisciplinary working between social and natural scientists. The programme is set in the context of broader developments in science policy, including a policy discourse centred upon sustainable development and the knowledge economy and associated demands for greater accountability in science. Interdisciplinarity promises research that will be more relevant and responsive to public needs and concerns. In describing the provenance of the RELU programme, therefore, the paper seeks to lay out the different stages in its initiation and design to show how, to varying degrees, these were open to external scrutiny and influence. The process of developing the programme illustrates that it is not straightforward to make research agendas and funding more transparent and accountable. It also provides insights into the challenges that interdisciplinarity and accountability present to established science institutions.     

农地流转中的政府作用与农户收入 ——基于贵州省608户农户调查的实证分析

研究目的:探讨农地流转中的政府作用对农户收入的影响。研究方法:基于贵州省608户农户调研数据,利用倾向得分匹配法考察政府作用对转出户的收入效应,并进一步对比不同干预形式影响效果的差异。研究结果:(1)政府在农地流转中的作用可以分为直接干预和间接干预,受到两种干预的转出户分别占比82.21%和13.70%,当前以直接干预为主;(2)直接干预影响交易实施,促成农户与企业、合作社之间的流转,间接干预影响交易环境,促成农户与种植大户之间的自主流转;(3)政府干预农地流转中,转出户的租金收入未能完全补偿农业收入的减少,非农收入和总收入均未明显提高,即使将租金提高到农户期望水平,转出户土地报酬不再显著减少,总收入仍未明显增加;(4)与间接干预相比,政府直接干预下农户的农业收入更高,租金、非农收入和总收入的差异为正但不显著。研究结论:政府作用虽已内嵌于农地流转交易中,但政府干预下的对转出户的增收效应尚不显著,直接干预和间接干预对农户收入的影响效果差异不大,仅依靠合理显化租金不足以促进农户增收,实现农户劳动力向非农领域转移更为重要。     

中国农村土地产权制度改革探讨

研究目的:提出改革中国农地产权制度的基本思路.研究方法:综合分析法.研究结论:坚持农村土地集体所有制不变,明晰集体土地所有权的主体、客体和权力内容,严格区分土地所有权与管理权,从制度建设上防止管理权侵犯或替代所有权.在集体土地使用权取得方式上,除以承包形式取得外,引入招标、拍卖、挂牌等形式.在集体土地使用权类型上,除承包外,应增加出让、出租、作价出资等形式,赋予集体土地使用权与国有土地使用权同样的权能.在保证用途不变的前提下,允许不同类型的集体土地使用权享有不同的转让、出租、抵押等权力,完善集体土地登记制度,规范集体土地二级市场.     

促进农村经济持续发展的资金问题思考

研究目的:通过对土地出让收益回流农村的探讨,力求拓宽农村发展的资金渠道,促进农村可持续发展。研究方法:定性分析方法。研究结果:(1)土地出让收益应返还农村,资金回流方式采取农村发展基金的模式;(2)"城乡建设用地增减挂钩"的跨区域挂钩与农村发展基金相结合,解决土地收益不平衡问题。研究结论:农村集体用地土地出让收益返还农村,可实现发达地区与欠发达地区的互惠共赢和发达地区对欠发达地区经济发展的支持。     

农户农地经营权抵押贷款可获性及其影响因素——基于农村金融改革试验区2518个农户样本

研究目的:揭示已开展农地经营权抵押贷款业务的农村金融改革试验区农户农地经营权抵押贷款可获性不高的现象并解释其原因。研究方法:问卷调查、有序Logistic回归模型。研究结果:(1)规模农户和小农户土地抵押贷款可获得性具有差异性;(2)土地产权流转市场较小、土地评估机制不健全、农户承包经营权证不随经营权流转、农村土地确权颁证尚未完成、信贷风险分摊机制等制度基石尚未完全确立等因素降低了农户农地经营权抵押贷款的可获得性。研究结论:农地经营权抵押贷款的进一步推广需要提高银行对抵押土地的处置能力,简化规模农户贷款手续,同时完善信贷风险分摊机制。     

梯度养老:渐进城市化中的农民养老模式及农地角色分析——一项基于嵌入理论视角的田野研究

强调农地社保的"乡土养老话语"与强调土地流转的"社保养老话语"对农民养老与农地制度改革关系争论激烈.本文以河南省L村一组为田野案例,以动态嵌入为分析框架,审视农民养老与农地制度关系问题,考察当下养老议题中老年农民、农地制度、市场及三代家庭之间的互动机制.研究发现,在经济性增强的同时,老人种地行为更深度地嵌入"渐进城市化...     

对当前湖南“三农”问题的战略思考

当今湖南农村经济的发展必须高度重视"三农"问题."三农"问题不仅制约着湖南的经济发展,而且可能引发种种矛盾,危及社会稳定,已成为全社会关注的焦点.庞大的农业人口与有限的农业资源的尖锐矛盾是湖南省"三农"问题的直接原因;而工业化道路偏差和城乡二元结构是体制原因."三农"问题导致农业低效率、农民贫困、农村不稳定等种种结果.解决的办法是进行农业战略性结构调整、大力发展民营经济、改革城乡分割体制、完善农村税费改革,以增加农民收入和为农民提供保障.     

鄢陵乡村旅游在乡村振兴中的评价研究

乡村旅游发展迅速,且在乡村振兴中发挥越来越重要的作用.从乡村旅游相关知识入手,对鄢陵乡村旅游及其在乡村振兴中的作用进行分析,认为其具有良好的发展乡村旅游的基础,并具有一定的实践.通过对当地农民的调查,了解乡村旅游在乡村振兴方面的评价情况.根据调研分析得出大部分人是支持乡村旅游开发并看到其对鄢陵在经济、社会、环境等方面带...     

中俄森林资源采伐法律制度比较研究

通过对中国和俄罗斯森林法中林木采伐部分的研究，对森林采伐许可证林木采伐方式、林木采伐限额的法律制度和特殊森林、林木的限采和禁采的法律制度四个方面进行分析和比较，指出了我国森林采伐法律制度中的不足之处。我国特殊森林、林木的限采和禁采法律制度规定过于简单、内容笼统，致使在实际的操作中难以有效实施。     

Class and the Politics of Participatory Rural Transformation in West Bengal: An Alternative to World Bank Orthodoxy

Based on a primary field survey and secondary sources of information, this study analyzes the West Bengal experience of participatory rural transformation in relation to the changing class structure in a differentiated rural economy, the rise in class-consciousness among the rural poor and the participation of different classes in the political process of decision-making. Utsa Patnaik's (1987 ) labour exploitation criterion is used in order to rank rural households in class terms, alongside the standard acreage groupings. This study strongly refutes the neo-liberal (World Bank) idea of social capital and civil society as sources of 'people's participation'. It is argued that 'people's participation' is a meaningless concept, since the 'people' as a category includes different classes with conflicting interests. Though subordinate classes in West Bengal have achieved a higher level of class consciousness than in the past, and have resisted extra economic coercion, and while their political participation has risen, their involvement at the grass roots level of administrative decision-making is very weak. Panchayat Raj has so far failed to initiate a second phase of institutional reform in West Bengal, encompassing education, gender justice and above all the co-operative movement. This partial failure is the outcome of short-term electoral benefit being given priority over and so undermining class struggle.     

农村居民点整理与新农村建设的互动关系探讨

在对比分析农村居民点整理与社会主义新农村建设提出的历史背景及其内涵的基础上，剖析了农村居民点整理与新农村建设的关系。研究表明：农村居民点整理与新农村建设在提出的目的及其内涵上有所区别，但农村居民点整理可以作为新农村建设的重要途径，新农村建设也有利于农村居民点整理的开展。     

农村土地综合整治对乡村转型的影响研究——以江苏省万顷良田工程为例

研究目的:探索土地整治引导乡村转型的路径和机制,揭示农村土地综合整治促进乡村转型的实际效果及影响因子,为政策评价和调整提供依据。研究方法:实地调查了江苏省2009—2012年实施的42个万顷良田工程,采用指标评估法和冗余分析等方法构建农村土地综合整治—乡村转型RDA模型。研究结果:(1)农村土地综合整治对乡村转型具有显著的正效应,在剔除当地平均增长率的前提下,88.1%项目区农民收入增长高于非项目区,但主要归功于非农收入增加;(2)非农就业是乡村转型的前置条件,当地工业发展水平和农民受教育程度已成为乡村转型的限制性因子;(3)挂钩指标转让是拆迁安置资金平衡的关键,地方政府对挂钩指标的需求及财务运作能力影响村庄更新。研究结论:乡村转型受资金、技术、政策和地方运作能力等多重因素影响,但农村土地综合整治的推动作用显著,社区重建、农田流转和生产转型从根本上促成了城乡统筹和乡村振兴。     

我罗斯实物地质资料的管理与服务

俄罗斯实物地质资料的管理包括建立、管理和组织使用联邦级和地方级信息库中的国家实物地质信息资源。俄罗斯实物地质资料由进行地质工作的科研单位以及生产性地质企业将所得的实物地质资料汇总到地质资料信息管理的相关部门,制成不同的服务信息产品,为决策层和地质企业科研部门服务。俄罗斯有五个主要岩心库：（1）科拉半岛超深钻研究院附属岩心库;（2）俄罗斯乌赫塔岩心库;（3）全俄石油地质勘探科学研究院附属岩心库;（4）汉特曼自治区国立岩心库;（5）俄罗斯天然气公司综合岩心库。目前俄罗斯在实物地质资料管理方面很难做到私有地质企业的实物资料共享化并向各个联邦主体或者联邦行政大区的自然资源部分支机构统一汇交。     

Rural in-migration and agricultural development: Evidence from Zambia

While a considerable body of literature has developed in recent years around the drivers and consequences of rural out-migration in sub-Saharan Africa, relatively little work has been done to understand the impacts of migration into rural areas. We use nationally representative household survey data from Zambia to explore the relationship between rural in-migration and agricultural productivity outcomes in receiving communities. We document high levels of rural in-migration throughout Zambia—12% of rural household heads having moved from elsewhere within the previous 10 years—with two-thirds of rural in-migrants originating from other rural areas. Migrants are, on average, better endowed with capital resources than their nonmigrant neighbors and are more engaged with input and output markets. After controlling for other factors, we find that higher rates of rural in-migration are associated with greater agricultural productivity outcomes in receiving communities. These positive associations are particularly pronounced in more remote rural areas, and where in-migration originates from other rural areas. Taken together, our results suggest that rural in-migrants play an important role in the rural transformation processes underway in Zambia.