我国区域旅游卫星账户理论与实践的若干问题研究

在对TSA一般理论进行较深入的分析和论述的基础上，本文结合江苏省正在编制的、严格遵从国际规范的省级区域旅游卫星账户的实践，分析和论述了我国区域旅游卫星账户的一些理论与实践问题，如区域旅游卫星账户的特点、编制过程、主要困难等。     

探析旅游卫星账户（TSA）的基本思想

本文陈述了旅游卫星账户(TSA)方法作为国家账户体系有机延伸的基本内涵，描述了TSA框架之内旅游、旅游商品、旅游业等概念的定义与范围，介绍了国家账户体系的相关内容与TSA之间的关系，结合加拿大TSA方法用于旅游经济影响分析的实例，对中国的情况给出建议。     

山西省将建立完整的旅游统计核算体系——全面推行旅游统计卫星账户

随着旅游业的快速发展以及对国民经济产生的巨大作用。旅游卫星账户这一新的旅游统计方法应运而生。2003年3月联合国统计署正式批准了世界旅游组织提交的《旅游卫星账户（简称TSA）：建议的方法框架》，该框架将统计计量作为一种经济现象纳入宏观经济统计主流，将其与国民经济核算中的其他产业进行比较。是一个由联合国统计委员会批准的新的国际标准，是一个测量旅游业总体经济水平及其对国民经济贡献的统计工具。[第一段]     

探析旅游卫星帐户(TSA)的基本思想

本文陈述了旅游卫星账户(TSA)方法作为国家账户体系有机延伸的基本内涵,描述了TSA框架之内旅游、旅游商品、旅游业等概念的定义与范围,介绍了国家账户体系的相关内容与TSA之间的关系,结合加拿大TSA方法用于旅游经济影响分析的实例,对中国的情况给出建议.     

TSA与I/O法评价旅游经济效应的比较研究

旅游卫星账户(TSA)和投入产出(I/O)法是评价旅游经济效应的有效方法,并在实践中被广泛使用.旅游卫星账户是作为国民经济的附属账户,通过构造子账户对旅游经济效应进行评价;投入产出法则是在投入产出理论的基础上分析旅游经济效应.二者在评价机理、理论视角、假设基础等方面都不相同.文章在分析这两种方法不同之处的基础上,以期在实际评价过程中将二者融合.     

社会实验:旅游业对地区国民经济影响测度的一种简易方法——以"非典"时期的北京为例

基于北京非典期间的社会经济运行情况,针对12个北京旅游特定产业进行社会实验。实验设置了对照组和实验组,通过比较确定了产业旅游供给比例,推算了北京旅游业增加值及旅游就业人数等核心指标,并与北京旅游卫星账户(2004)估算出的主要指标进行了对比讨论,为旅游卫星账户中关键指标的判别提供了一种简易的辅助性方法。     

花钱买罪受？基于旅游者心理账户的旅游失败评价机制研究

文章基于心理账户理论，分析了旅游者心理账户的内涵和特征，通过识别旅游者心理账户的类别、运算规则和旅游消费效用，从心理账户的视角揭示了旅游者如何将一次旅游经历评价为失败的心理过程。根据扎根理论的分析方法，该研究对豆瓣小组讨论贴和访谈资料的文本数据进行了编码分析，将旅游者心理账户归纳为经济性账户、功能性账户、社会性账户、情感性账户和风险性账户5种类型。根据心理账户的运算规则，研究阐述了旅游者心理账户的运算规则，包括加法规则（同账户程度、跨账户种类叠加）和减法规则（同账户内、跨账户间损益抵消）。进一步地，通过旅游者消费效用分析，研究揭示了3种厌恶程度依次递增的旅游失败类型：交易效用为负（经济性账户损失）、获得效用为负（功能性账户、社会性账户、情感性账户损失）和风险性账户损失。该研究从旅游者心理账户的分类、运算规则和消费效用评估等3个方面系统揭示了旅游失败的评价机制，拓展了心理账户理论在旅游消费情境中的应用。研究结论有助于深化旅游企业经营者和旅游目的地管理者对旅游者心理评价过程的认识，从而针对性地提升旅游者消费效用。     

中国旅游卫星账户2007延长表编算研究

旅游宏观统计积弱,致使旅游业既难以"摸清自身家底",也难以形成明确的产业"身份"进入国民经济产业研究的话语体系,甚至在产业规模测定的实践和理论研究当中还存在明显误区,造成旅游经济的感性认识有余,而理性的量化支撑不足。为此,文章应用旅游卫星账户和投入产出理论,结合入境旅游和国内旅游统计调查实际,构建了一套符合国际统计核算标准和旅游卫星账户框架要求的旅游业增加值算法流程,测算得出2007年我国旅游业增加值占国民经济的比重约为2.67%,与美国、加拿大等国家的测算结果相近。文章所构架的算法体系,有助于更加客观和准确地了解旅游业在国民经济中的地位,更为借助可计算一般均衡、投入产出价格影响等模型测算旅游业完全经济影响,提供了一个更加精确和有效的基础性框架。     

强调理解国民账户体系和投入产出结构框架的重要性,将卫星账户核算方法作为旅游和文化产业的全球核算标准

酒店及旅游管理行业中的很多人都听说过旅游卫星账户(TSA),但很少有人知道投入产出(I-O)模型、社会核算矩阵(SAM)以及国民账户体系(SNA).国民账户体系(SNA)是当前全球性的法定标准,是世界各国用于测量国家经济活动中重要基准数据的一种方法,如国民生产总值(GDP)等.国民账户体系是完全嵌入在投入产出(I-O)模型框架中的.因此,不了解投入产出(I-O)模型,就不能很好地理解国民账户体系如何运作.     

中国影视旅游发展的现状及趋势

本文提出影视旅游的概念和特征，以国内外影视旅游发展兴衰为依据，总结概括出影视旅游的发展阶段以及各阶段的特点，指出中国影视旅游的发展经历了从萌芽到发展的时期，目前正处于发展阶段。分析了中国影视旅游发展的现状及存在的问题，提出相应的规划建设对策。最后对中国影视旅游的发展趋势加以预测，指出影视旅游具有广阔的发展前景，将向着旅游客体多元化、旅游主体个性化、旅游内容更新化和规划建设综合化的方向发展。     

The consequences of forty years of tourism growth

Leisure travel has become a major lifestyle in the United States since World War II. This paper describes the social, economic, and technological changes that have been adopted by the industry and society during three eras of travel evolution. A synoptic view of the development of travel is provided by a review of five travel industry components: transportation, attractions, facilities and services, information, and the consumer. Emphasis is placed on the consequences of the adoption of major social and technological innovations that have impacted this vibrant industry and will continue to do so in the future. The paper concludes with eight observations on the present and future status of leisure travel in the United States.     

The perceived impact of tourism by residents a case study in Santa Marta,Colombia

Studies of the local population's perception of tourism impact are useful in setting up programs to minimize friction between tourists and residents, and in formulating plans to gain resident support of tourist ventures. This study identifies the positive and negative aspects of tourism as perceived by the Santa Marta residents, and the influence of selected variables on resident response. It is hypothesized that the perception of tourist impact varies with the distance a person lives from the tourist zone and with the resident's socio-economic status. It is found that despite the perception of some serious negative aspects, Santa Marta residents consider the overall impact of tourism to be beneficial. They want their government to offer more economic incentives and eliminate any restrictive measures in order to stimulate tourism in the area. The positive attitudes of the Santa Marta residents toward tourism may be a function of the incipient stage of tourism development in this area.     

The failure of ‘control’ in the hospitality industry

This paper explores the relationship between the literature on the issue of control and the realities of the hospitality industry. Management control is related to the unsanctioned entrepreneurial activities of operatives (illustrated by the ‘taxi scam’), the failure of computer systems used to control operatives, and the failure of the hospitality industry to exploit the potential of the new technology. The paper suggests that management's (and a significant part of the literature in this area) failure within hospitality is linked to the perception of the role of the hospitality manager as one of policing the industry.     

A tourist space-time budget in the Shetland Islands

This paper addresses the need to better understand tourist pressure in selected regions of the Shetland Islands, United Kingdom, using measures of space, time, perception, region, and core-periphery. Normally an economic theory, core-periphery was applied in the context of this study as a locational and mental construct in examining tourism group movement (behavior). Respondents were placed into two groups on the basis of their activitybased motivations for visiting Shetland and asked to complete a daily space-time budget regarding their use of attractions, facilities, accommodation, and transportation. It was discovered that both groups differed marginally in their space-time use of the aforementioned variables within the various regions of Shetland.     

Liberation wars and tourism development in Africa : The case of Zambia

Development of Africa's immense tourism potential is severely limited for reasons including lack of capital, distance from the large North American and European markets, the cost of travel to Africa, and Africa's poor image abroad. A key factor contributing to this image problem is political instability. Since World War II, almost all African countries have achieved independence. In several countries, this decolonization process has taken the form of long and often bloody liberation wars. This paper examines the impact of Zimbabwe's protracted liberation war on tourism development in Zambia and suggests that a detailed examination of major internal and external political events associated with the decolonization process in Zimbabwe could provide important perspectives on the obstacles to tourism development in other African countries.     

Towards a geography of tourism

This paper traces the development of geographical interest in tourism during the past half century and examines the range and scope of the geography of tourism. The available literature is reviewed and suggestions are made regarding possible research aveneus and theoretical developments. Six major areas of interest are identified: spatial aspects of supply, spatial aspects of demand, the geography of resorts, patterns of movements and flows, the impact of tourism, and models of tourist space. Through an emphasis on spatial interaction an attempt is made to provide some cohesion and synthesis for this body of knowledge which constitutes the basis of the geography of tourism.     

IMPACT OF AN ECONOMIC CRISIS Evidence from Turkey

This paper evaluates the impact of the 2001 economic crisis on the tourism industry in Turkey. The research findings reveal that neither the government nor private organizations had any plans for dealing with the crisis before or after the event. It had both negative and positive impacts although its benefits were often overlooked. The overall implication of the study is that national culture, the level of economic development of a country, the availability of financial resources, and the ability and knowledge of its government officials and managers of private firms have a direct impact on how such an event is responded to and managed.     

Hosts, guests and politics: Coastal Resorts Morphological Change

Resort morphology goes through a predictable sequence of stages: from pre-tourism low through high-density development to an urbanized state. Three elements are considered essential in such coastal resorts change: hosts, guests, and politics. Using historical data from the mass-developed Greek island of Crete, ten principal characteristics are identified as determinants of the morphological change of coastal resorts. A temporal model of unplanned change is also proposed. Although the study was constrained by limited data availability, the proposed model is deemed able to represent the morphological change of Cretan mass-developed coastal resorts.     

The rediscovery of America: Elite automobile touring

The automobile has radically changed tourist habits this century. In the first decade it was enthusiastically embraced by a small, wealthy elite. In America this elite “rediscovered” the romantic northeastern scenery painted by the Hudson Valley School of artists. This process is documented both in the general elite tourist literature of the period and in a specific case study from an elite summer colony. In the second decade “mass followed class.” Cheaper automobiles allowed the middle classes to follow the elite tourists of the first decade. The elite began to lose interest in the automobile as something exclusive to them, and turned their attention to the possibilities for touring of aviation.     

The geography of tourism: An introduction

The geography of tourism is limited by a dearth of published research in geographic journals, the relatively few individuals who actively participate in the sub-discipline, and the lack of prestige the subject matter specialty has in geography. Despite these imperfections geographers make important contributions to the study of tourism because of their unique point-of-view. This characteristic perspective is seen in the context of a conceptual frame-of-reference which consists of a matrix based on two trichotomies. An analysis and interpretation of this framework and its application to the nine substantive articles included in the special issue constitute a majority of the article.