数字贸易规则:关键议题、现实挑战与构建策略

建立和完善数字贸易发展的制度框架是国际贸易领域重要的新兴议题,也是各国对WTO改革最关切的议题之一。跨境数据流动、数字税收、数据(设施)本地化、数字贸易市场准入、数字知识产权保护以及跨境电商便利化是建立全球数字贸易框架的关键议题。目前,跨境数据流动共识规则缺失,数字产品或服务征税争议较大,数据(设施)本地化立场不同,云计算服务分类和准入存在分歧,保护数字知识产权诉求较多,贸易便利化规则尚不明确。中国支持全球各国在WTO框架下开展数字贸易新议题、新规则的谈判,具体建议包括:确立WTO在解决跨境数据流动问题上的核心地位;建立鼓励创新、兼顾公平的数字税收规则;建立以保障网络安全为基础的数据本地化规则;尊重各国在数字领域市场准入方面的关切;合理保护数字知识产权;积极促进数字贸易便利化。     

TPP谈判及其对中美贸易的影响

由于多哈回合停滞不前和全球贸易结构尤其是服务贸易结构趋向高级化,加上美国的强力推动,全球贸易规则不断演进,TPP谈判的影响力越来越大。TPP谈判涵盖的内容非常广泛,不仅要求开放服务业,还关注贸易背后的诸如劳工和环境标准的问题,其谈判的分歧取决于谈判各方在多大程度上接受美国的贸易规则。一旦TPP施行,美国服务贸易的优势将得到增强,并且美国贸易商将获得规则上的优势。而对于中国而言,TPP的施行将给中国出口带来负面影响,但中国可以选择深度开放、加强双边或区域经济合作以及利用上海自贸区对TPP规则进行融合等方式来应对TPP的影响。     

窥探美国外贸政策的方向标——TPA授权析解

TPA是美国外贸法中一种独特的授权模式。该模式保障美国总统在贸易谈判中的可信度,确保国会在谈判前、中、后的核心地位;促使美国在历次重大贸易协定谈判中占据有利位置,维护了"府会"良好合作关系。本文旨在通过探讨TPA的法律机理与历史演进,分析其价值,管窥其未来发展趋向。     

China's Free Trade Ports: Effective Action Against the Threat of De‐globalization

With sluggish external demand and increasing trade protectionism by the USA and the European Union, China is facing severe challenges in implementing its deeper, ongoing reforms. To respond actively to such challenges, the Communist Party of China's 19th National Congress proposed to “promote a new pattern of all‐round opening up.” In particular, the establishment of free trade ports is considered an important means to realize deeper integration with the world economy. This paper discusses the background, the motivation, the possible challenges as well as a feasible path for the successful implementation of free trade ports in China. Based on the international experience, the construction of free trade ports in China requires freer trade in goods, high mobility of talent and free capital flow.     

中、美工会的比较研究

在市场经济国家中工会作为一支重要的社会力量,在劳动者利益的维护、社会秩序的稳定中发挥着重要的作用。本文通过对中国的工会和美国工会历史和现状的研究,从五个方面比较了美国工会的差异性,这些差异性的比较给我们一些清新的概念,有利于坚持我们的工会制度,同时克服一些不足的地方,争取为维护广大职工的切身利益发挥更大的作用。     

Regional free-trade areas: sorting out the tangled spaghetti

As a result of the difficulties in negotiating the liberalizationof trade globally, countries seek liberalization among smallergroups. We describe open regionalism as one such attempt todo this, and show why after a decade of success it ran intothe ground as a strategy. The formation of discriminatory regionalfree-trade areas (FTAs) is sometimes seen as another responseto this problem. This paper point outs what is wrong with thisresponse—that it distorts trade patterns and thereby setsup an unpleasant prisoner's dilemma—and suggests someways forward. We propose the formation of open trading arrangements(OTAs) and the establishment of a Trade Transparency Commissionin each country that is participating in an OTA. We also suggestglobal regulation of trade diversions caused by all FTAs, whetherOTAs or not. Ultimately, the return to health of the globaltrading system will require expanded understanding of the basicinsight of economics, that liberalization enhances the welfareof citizens of the liberalizing country.     

贸易协定之于出口增长:是激励还是阻力?

贸易协定已经成为区域贸易合作的重要方式,逐渐被各国所重视。文章从贸易协定异质性视角,构建贸易协定异质性指数,同时运用主成分分析法提取的新变量,共同探究其对2000-2014年中国出口三元边际的影响。研究发现,强制性指数对三元边际促进作用显著,说明贸易条款总体上能够降低贸易成本、促进出口。非强制性指数和制度质量指数对三元边际抑制作用显著,表明其所具有的灵活性和隐蔽性,成为抑制贸易增长的主要原因。主成分提取的新变量对三元边际的影响显著且差异各半,进一步说明贸易协定异质性的存在。明确贸易协定异质性,能够根据贸易条款执行力的不同,有重点地签订贸易协定,使其更好地服务于中国对外贸易发展。     

数字贸易发展的经济效应与推进方略

作为数字化时代的新型贸易模式,数字贸易将对未来的贸易方式、贸易产品、贸易参与者、贸易规则产生深远影响,具有重要的经济学理论价值和现实价值。从微观市场主体、市场效率以及全球贸易发展新动力等角度来看,数字贸易都能衍生出积极的经济效应,有望进一步提高贸易参与者的福利。但也正因为其全新的生产和交换属性,数字贸易的发展面临诸多制约因素,特别是数字贸易国际规则体系还未有效构建,各国数字贸易监管规则和重点也不同。鉴于此,我国需要从国家层面提高数字贸易战略地位,探索形成数字贸易发展新理念,并着力推动在WTO框架下完善数字贸易规则体系,在双边和区域贸易协定中加强数字贸易规则谈判,同时加快完善数字基础设施建设,探索数字贸易背景下新的产品分类体系。     

论商业秘密的法律保护与国际税收情报交换制度

商业秘密是具有秘密性和价值性的技术秘密和营业秘密。为了维护商业道德,促进技术进步,应对其实施法律保护。国际税收情报交换是国际税务合作的重要组成部分,为应对经济全球化背景下有害的税收竞争、打击国际逃避税,应加强国际税收情报交换。但这两项制度由于客体的部分重合和保护理念的差异,存在冲突的可能。要协调二者的冲突,应强调商业秘密法律保护构成对情报交换的限制,在实施情报交换时必须突出对情报的保密和对纳税人权利的保护,以达到协调冲突的目的。     

The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership: new paradigm or old wine in a new bottle?

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is currently negotiating with its six trading partners to form a new trade agreement called the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). The RCEP intends to harmonise rules and regulations across multiple overlapping free trade agreements in the region, and thereby attract new members. However, it faces several challenges. The mention of a flexibility principle and the ‘ASEAN Way’ of decision‐making has led many to believe that the RCEP will be yet another low‐quality regional trade agreement. However, the RCEP presents all ASEAN members with the opportunity to take a role in setting the agenda for a region‐wide agreement. Hence, despite its challenges, ASEAN must make the effort to reach an attractive RCEP vis‐à‐vis other competing regional agreements. Accordingly, this paper describes what the RCEP is intended to be, how it emerged, and the issues that might affect the agreement's final quality, in order to evaluate if it will establish a new paradigm or a repackaged version of ASEAN's existing trade agreements.     

US Presidential Election 2008： Policy Implications for US-China Trade and Investment

The next US president will be elected in November 2008. Since the relative stabilization of war in Iraq, the economy has become the national priority of the 2008 US election. In their campaign efforts, the Democrats have enjoyed greater momentum than the Republicans, in terms of polls, fund-raising and corporate support. After the Bush era, the next president will seek to restore America＇s leadership and to engage in multilateralism. Since the 1990s, China has been the most rapidly-growing US export destination. In terms of US-Shinese trade and investment, the next president, ira Democrat, will, among other issues, review trade agreements and has pledged to co-sponsor legislation that would allow US companies to seek anti-dumping duties on Chinese imports based on the perceived undervaluation of the Chinese currency. If a Republican, the next president will support global integration and oppose protectionist measures. The Democratic Congress is likely to oppose Republican policies in general and free trade policies in particular. Both scenarios imply increasing pressure on US-Chinese trade and investment relationships. Because these two nations now account for almost half of global growth, the state of the futureUS-Chinese bilateral relationship has worldwide implications.     

我国应对绿色贸易壁垒体系的策略分析

绿色贸易壁垒是当今国际贸易保护主义的新动向,是非关税壁垒的重要组成部分,它对国际贸易的发展产生了很大程度的影响。对于作为一个发展中国家,作为一个贸易大国的中国,绿色贸易壁垒己影响到对外贸易的发展,并几乎波及到我国对外贸易的所有领域。因此,系统地研究绿色贸易壁垒,分析绿色贸易壁垒对国际贸易的影响,以及分析对中国经济可持续发展的影响,对提出构建我国的绿色贸易壁垒应对策略,具有重要的理论和现实意义。     

外高桥保税区离岸贸易的发展现状、问题与对策

离岸贸易作为一种新型的国际贸易形式,已经成为国际贸易中的重要组成部分。本文在对上海外高桥保税区离岸贸易发展现状进行统计梳理的基础上,分析上海发展离岸贸易中存在的问题和主要瓶颈障碍,并就这些问题障碍进行分析,提出深入发展离岸贸易的政策建议。     

Political Economy of US Trade Policy towards China

The trade relationship between China and the USA has become increasingly important to the economies of both countries. The recent trade conflicts and friction between China and the USA constitute obstacles in the way of US—Chinese bilateral trade relationship development, which is of considerable concern to both countries. Through an in‐depth analysis of the political process of US trade policy towards China, the present paper identifies the important determinants of US trade policy towards China. The influence of US trade policy on the trade relationship between the USA and China is assessed and implications for the trade relationship between the USA and China are discussed.     

中国服务业发展的层级关系及其产业转型测度

生产者服务业因高附加值、高知识含量的特征成为发展服务贸易的关键环节。运用实际数据分析、研究中国服务业、服务贸易、生产者服务贸易间存在的逐层递进、层层深入的关联性。生产者服务贸易是中国服务贸易中具有决定性作用的重要部分,服务贸易的发展反映了中国服务业的整体状况,而服务业的发展进程又直接影响着中国当前的产业结构转型和向服务经济迈进的步迈。     

中国区域服务贸易竞争力差异化发展研究

服务业和服务贸易的发展已经成为经济发展的重要支柱和决定竞争力强弱的关键因素。但是,目前中国的服务贸易发展呈现了明显的差异性,不断扩大发展的区域服务贸易竞争力差距水平必然影响到中国整体服务经济的可持续发展能力。因此,如何有效的解决服务业和服务贸易发展地区差距,探讨差距扩大的原因和缩小差距的对策,成为重要的研究问题。文章首先分析了中国区域服务贸易发展情况,探讨了区域服务贸易差异化发展的成因,并在此基础上,对其影响因素进行了分析,找出影响服务贸易差异化发展的重要因素,从而提出了相应的政策建议。以促进各区域服务贸易的协调发展。     

Can Import Tariffs Deter Outward FDI?

In this paper we analyze a country's optimal trade policy when its labor market is unionized and firms are footloose. We show that an important objective for governments to use import protection is to prevent their domestic multinationals to go to a non-unionized location abroad and to serve their country from a distance. A domestic government will set a positive tariff to dissuade its multinational from engaging in outward FDI when the additional profits it repatriates, do not compensate for the loss of domestic union rent. To put it differently, we show that when the domestic labor market is unionized, trade liberalisation between countries with similar wage levels is likely to result in domestic welfare losses as a result of outward FDI. Only when wage differences between countries are large enough, can outward FDI improve domestic welfare and optimal tariffs will be zero. JEL Classification Numbers: L13, F23     

上海市加工贸易对经济增长的影响分析

加工贸易已成为上海市对外贸易中的重要组成部分,其对上海的经济增长具有一定的促进作用,同时促进了产业升级、技术进步等。本文通过运用加工贸易增值率、加工贸易对上海市GDP的贡献率和拉动度、协整分析等方法分析了上海市加工贸易对经济增长的影响。分析结果表明:上海市加工贸易增值率高于全国水平;加工贸易对经济增长的贡献率和拉动度呈增长趋势;加工贸易出口对上海市经济增长有很大的促进作用。     

论我国加工贸易的发展出路

在我国现行外贸体制下 ,存在着各种外贸借权和挂靠经营的现象。本文对外贸借权和挂靠经营的现象进行了剖析 ,揭示了外贸借权和挂靠经营现象产生的原因、背景及其危害性 ,并结合当前出现的一些新情况提出了相应的对策。     

Why is it so difficult? Trade liberalization under the Doha Agenda

Many explanations have been offered for the current difficultiesof the World Trade Organization (WTO). In fact, the system appearsto have managed many of these challenges reasonably well, includingthe increase in the number of members, its ‘mediaeval’decision-making procedures, the changing geopolitical environment,the rapid growth of preferential trade arrangements (PTAs),the complexity of its agreements, and concerns about erosionof unilateral preferences. By contrast, the near-exhaustionof the traditional fuel of industrial-country non-agriculturaltariffs, the increasing importance of non-trade concerns, andincomplete adjustment to a new, multi-polar negotiating systemappear to be important factors requiring further examination.