民主的质量--来自印度的比较经验

本文以印度为案例分析了民主的形式、实质和有效性三个维度的动态关系。印度53年的民主历程对于减少大众的政治、社会和经济的边缘地位收效甚微。而喀拉拉邦是个例外。在那里，民主制度有效地管理了社会冲突并确保了底层阶级受益。相对于众多民主转型文献，喀拉拉邦的经验说明，动员和再分配呼声有助于深化民主。     

Optimal Degrees of Transparency in Monetary Policymaking

According to most academics and policymakers, transparency in monetary policymaking is desirable. I examine this proposition in a small theoretical model emphasizing forward–looking private sector behavior. Transparency makes it easier for price setters to infer the central bank's future policy intentions, thereby making current inflation more responsive to policy actions. This induces the central bank to pay more attention to inflation rather than output gap stabilization. Then, transparency may be disadvantageous. It may actually be a policy–distorting straitjacket if the central bank enjoys low–inflation credibility, and there is need for active monetary stabilization policy.
JEL classification : E 42; E 52; F 58     

Degrees of Unmet Needs in the Superfluous Income Criterion

The task of modern political economy is made more difficult by the confusion surrounding the ranking of competing claims in the social order. This paper is about situating particular interests within the broader claims of society. Using Catholic social thought's universal access principle, overlapping claims for economic resources are weighed according to the unmet needs of the contending parties in the following order of importance: (1) as constitutive for physical survival and basic health, (2) as determinative of life prospects, and (3) as life-enhancing. The finer specification of superfluous income into this threefold tpology opens the door to a more nuanced application of distributive justivce where norms grow stricter and the tolerance for inequality becomes much narrower as the strength of claims grows in proportion to the urgency of unmet needs. The contribution of this paper lies in its refinement of the concept of superflkuous income by distingushing varying degrees of unmet needs through a typology that provides terms of reference that are specified in their function, in their theological warrants and in the strength of their claims.     

International Trends in Economics Degrees During the 1990s

Australia, Canada, Germany, and the United States experienced a substantial decline in undergraduate degrees in economics from 1992 through 1996, followed immediately by a modest recovery. This cycle does not conform to overall degree trends, shifts in the gender composition of undergraduate populations, or changing interests of female students in any of the four countries. There is no evidence that changes in the “price” of a degree to students, tightened marking standards or degree requirements, or changes in pedagogical methods caused the cycle.

Jobs for economics graduates declined in the United States between 1988 and 1990 and thereafter recovered. With a two-year recognition lag, the pattern of employment prospects fits the U.S. slump in economics degrees perfectly. Unfortunately, employment patterns in the other three countries are inconsistent with the degree cycle. The explanation that fits the economic degree pattern best is interest in business education.     

Trends in Undergraduate Economics Degrees, 1991 to 2001

The author reviews and recommends Alan S. Blinder's Hard Heads, Soft Hearts: Tough-Minded Economics for a Just Society.     

Trends in Undergraduate Economics Degrees: An Update

The author examines the effects of different introductory microeconomics textbooks on student performance in subsequent economics courses (specifically, Intermediate Microeconomics I and Money and Banking). In some cases, the effects are significant and sizeable. There is also evidence of other variables affecting student performance in later courses, such as taking first-year microeconomics by distance, math background, effects of having taken other economics courses, and the time between introductory economics and later courses.     

Discounts for Degrees: External Benefits and University Fees

An efficient pricing system for university degrees should take into account the external benefits of degree programs. Results from a small sample survey comparing the external benefits of these programs are reported.     

Human Capital, Heterogeneity and Estimated Degrees of Intergenerational Mobility

We study the parental investment model of intergenerational mobility, where heterogeneity in 'innate' earnings ability and parents' altruism rate is explicitly modelled. We show that heterogeneity increases the difficulty of detecting the existence of borrowing constrained families. Conversely, the presence of heterogeneity means that economic and linear statistical models of inheritance generate similar intergenerational data on consumption and earnings. We also suggest that nay cross-country differences in intergenerational earnings mobility are more readily interpreted according to the heterogeneity of inherited ability, rather than optimal family responses to country-specific institutions for accumulating human capital.     

论学位授予行为的法律性质

我国的学位授予主体是行政主体，它包括国务院学位委员会和学位授予单位，前者是职权行政主体，后者是授权行政主体。如果申请人的请求被拒绝、不予答复或拖延时间，申请人可以依据《行政复议法》和《行政诉讼法》的有关规定申请行政复议或提起行政诉讼。撤销和履行是对违法的学位授予行为进行法律补救的两种主要措施。     

Trends in Undergraduate Economics Degrees: A 1993–94 Update

An examination of George Stigler's teaching career clarifies the requirements for an effective teacher of graduate economics and especially sheds light on the nature of the supervision of doctoral candidates. The heterogeneous composition of graduate students in aggregate means that quite distinct approaches can prove to be equally successful.     

Trends in Undergraduate Economics Degrees, 1991–2012

The 2007–10 growth spurt (18 percent over three years) in U.S. undergraduate economics degrees came to an abrupt end in 2011 and 2012. Degrees awarded grew less than one percent over the past two years.     

Trends in Undergraduate Economics Degrees, 1991–2009

The trend in U.S. undergraduate economics degrees continued its upward trajectory in 2008–9.     

Trends in Undergraduate Economics Degrees, 1991–2013

The 2007–10 growth spurt (18 percent over three years) in U.S. undergraduate economics degrees stalled out in 2011. Degrees awarded have been relatively constant over the past three years.     

Trends in Undergraduate Economics Degrees, 1991–2010

The trend in U.S. undergraduate economics degrees continued its upward trajectory in 2009–10.     

科技金融、企业创新投入与产出耦合协调度及不协调来源

运用耦合协调模型对中国省域科技金融、企业创新投入与产出的耦合协调度进行测度，结果显示，除北京外的中国内地省域耦合协调度整体偏低。进一步运用DEA模型进行测度发现：初始创新投入系统中各要素无效率省域分布比较复杂，企业创新禀赋无效率均值最高；创新中间产出与投入系统中，发明专利与商标权产出有效率，但以此作为中间投入的无效率均值高、省域分布广；最终产出系统中，某些省域新产品销售收入产出不足和技术市场成交额产出不足情况比较突出。据此提出创新初始投入系统协调发展观、创新中间投入与产出质量观和创新最终产出知识产权盈利模式观，以改善创新投入与产出不协调的状况，助力企业转型升级。     

Study on Contribution Degrees of Hubei Equipment Manufacturing Industry to the National Economy

The paper analyses and researches the contribution degrees of Hubei equipment manufacturing industry to the national economy. Using econometric methods, it carries out regression and empirical research, and finds that the contributions of Hubei equipment manufacturing industry to the national economy is very obvious in recent years, however there is plenty of room for development.     

Degrees of Connection: A Critique of Rawls’s Theory of Mutual Disinterest

John Rawls's solution to the problem of justice between generations is premised on the idea that “a generation cares for its immediate descendants, as fathers say care for their sons” (John Rawls 1971: 288, emphasis added). This paper brings mothers into the Rawlsian social contract. I argue that, when children have more than one parent, there is a contradiction between the assumption of concern for descendants, which underpins Rawls's account of justice between generations, and the mutual disinterest assumption, which characterizes parties negotiating in the “original position.” Concern for descendants creates connections within generations as well as across generations. The critique is internal and nonradical, but its implications are subversive. It demonstrates that an “add women and stir” liberal feminist reworking of Rawls's theory cannot be successful; bringing sexual reproduction out of the realm of nature and into the social contract necessitates a radical reconstruction of Rawls's theory.