Integrating Credit Models Using Accounting Information With Loan Officers' Decision Processes

This paper focuses on loan officers' cognitive processes of problem detection and problem-hypothesis formulation, which are incorporated into a credit model when they are confronted with loan decisions. Prior credit models in banking have not directly addressed loan officers' internal processes in a loan situation. The integration of both loan officers' cognitive processes and information used in a credit model can better help explain their decision-making biases. The results presented in this paper showed that information derived from a credit model influences loan officers' problem detection and problem-hypothesis formulation, and these processes are important factors in their loan approval. To identify loan officers' decision-making processes, the approach used in this paper integrates principles from financial management, economics, and cognitive psychology with methodological developments from psychometrics and econometrics.     

综合收益会计浅论

综合收益(Comprehensive Income,亦称全面收益)并不是一个新概念.早在1980年,美国财务会计准则委员会(FASB)就将其定义为除业主交易之外的一切权益(净资产)变动.但这一概念的实际运用还是出现在近年改进业绩报告的研究中.综合收益会计理论是传统收益会计理论的改造和发展.那么,传统收益会计理论有什么缺陷、现行会计实务与传统会计收益有哪些背离、综合收益理论有何基本内容、其实施的理论前提是什么?本文试图简要介绍回答这些问题.     

中国上市公司财务造假预测模型

本文以1994-2011年沪深两市财务造假上市公司为观察样本,首次全面综合地检验了国内外研究中表征财务造假和盈余质量问题的特征指标和西方资本市场常用的财务造假预测模型中的变量,建立了适合中国市场的更为可靠并且实用性强的财务造假预测模型。通过筛选检验大量的变量,本文发现其他应收款、是否亏损、经营应计项、现金销售率、股票换手率波动率、股权集中度、机构投资者持股比率、是否再融资和股市周期是鉴别中国上市公司造假的关键变量,用这些指标建立的综合模型不仅具有简单易懂的实用性,而且在辨别国内造假公司的能力方面显著优于西方常用的Mscore和Fscore模型。本文的研究结果为资本市场投资者、分析师、审计师和相关监管机构识别中国上市公司财务欺诈的嫌疑提供了简单实用的可靠方法。     

Project Evaluation and Accounting Income Forecasts

It is shown that the economically justifiable criterion for project evaluation of maximizing current net market value is equivalent to maximizing the discounted net cash equivalent flow. It is argued that the appropriate income concept for project evaluation is therefore the one used in the system devised by Chambers, 'Continuously Contemporary Accounting'.     

新所得税会计准则对企业所得税会计处理的影响

财政部会计司于2005年8月12日颁发的<企业会计准则第××号--所得税(征求意见稿)>(以下简称"新准则"),充分借鉴了<国际会计准则第12号--所得税>的规定,实现了与国际通行做法的接轨,指明了中国所得税会计准则的发展趋势.     

会计信息可比性与劳动收入份额北大核心

利用2006-2019年沪深A股数据,本文考察了会计信息可比性对企业劳动收入份额的影响。研究发现,会计信息可比性的增强显著提高了企业的劳动收入份额,表明会计信息质量的提高有助于员工更好地分享企业的发展成果。进一步研究结果表明,(1)降低资本成本及增大自主研发强度是会计信息可比性提高企业劳动收入份额的两大作用路径;(2)会计信息可比性的增强主要提高了普通雇员的劳动收入份额,对高管劳动收入份额的影响并不显著;(3)会计信息可比性对劳动收入份额的影响存在一定异质性,当企业自身融资约束程度较高、信息透明度较低,或可比公司的会计盈余质量较强时,会计信息可比性与劳动收入份额的正相关关系更强;(4)会计信息可比性通过提高劳动收入份额,提升了企业的价值创造能力。     

Terminal Value,Accounting Numbers,and Inflation

In a 2008 article published in this journal, Michael Bradley and Gregg Jarrell argue that the well‐known Gordon‐Shapiro (henceforth “GS”) model for calculating terminal values does not properly account for the effects of inflation. Bradley and Jarrell suggest modifying the growth factor in the standard GS model by adding an additional term to the nominal growth rate that reflects the positive effect of inflation on the value of existing assets. In this article, the authors support the original Gordon‐Shapiro method for calculating terminal values by showing what they believe to be an oversight of the Bradley‐Jarrell critique. According to the authors, the disagreement stems from the use of fundamentally different assumptions about the effect of inflation on the capital investment required to sustain a business. Although Bradley‐Jarrell agree with the authors that intrinsic value is the discounted value of future free cash flows, their assumptions about capital investment effectively lead them to conclusions similar to those practitioners who attempt to value companies on the basis of discounted future accounting earnings. Despite much common practice, the GS model was meant to be applied to free cash flows, not accounting earnings. And for companies with substantial capital investment, the differences between accounting earnings that involve accruals and free cash flows can be very large.     

企业所得税会计几个问题的探讨

本文研究企业所得税会计问题。针对我国企业所得税会计准则在执行过程中存在的方法、理念几个等认识误区问题,提出相应解决措施,主张理念决定方法,只有从理念、依据的角度深刻认识所得税会计准则的主旨,才能在实际工作中正确执行准则的相关规定。     

对会计师事务所分配问题的思考

现状以某会计师事务所为例,除按月对全所人员发放固定工资外,每月均从收入总额中提取5%,注师(含注册会计师、注册评估师,下同)、助审分别按提取总额的56.52%和43.48%进行分配。该所×月效益工资分配情况如右页上表:从右页上表不难看出,该所的工资分配现状是两高两低,即:(1)助审高,注师低。助审是未获得专业技术职称和执业资格的人员。如评估部的两名注册评估师的平均效益工资为678元,而该部的两名助审平均效益工资为753元,比注册评估师高11.06%。(2)无执业资格的高,有执业资格的低。有执业资格的注师平均效益工资为404元,而无执业资格的助审…     

美国所得税会计政策及会计处理对我国的启示

本文通过分析美国所得税会计制度中的纳税影响会计法以及营业亏损抵免的会计处理方法,指出我国亟需进一步完善现有的所得税会计法规体系,规范现行所得税会计账户处理。     

The Relationship Between Accounting Profit and Economic Income

The reliance on economic concepts, most notably economic income, for the measurement of profit in financial accounting is misplaced. This paper explores the concept of economic income, contrasting it with the concept of profit in the conventional accounting model. The concept of individual economic income cannot be used for measurement of profit for a past period as the concept is based on the capitalisation of expectations and excludes "separate but correlated" concepts of profit and capital needed for capital maintenance.     

Accounting for Income Taxes: Early Adoption Issues

This study investigates whether the revised AASB 1020 Income Taxes was adopted early by Top 100 publicly listed companies in Australia between 2000 and 2004. We found that only three of the companies adopted the revised standard before its implementation date of 1 January 2005. Interviews with senior company representatives indicated that the three companies had quite different reasons for early adoption. Non-early-adopting companies had considered that the revised standard would not make a material difference to their reporting results. Tax consolidations and the impending international financial reporting standards were regarded as more important issues.     

所得税会计处理相关问题的思考

所得税会计是企业会计活动的重要组成部分,会计方法的选择应体现会计准则与税法的双重要求。通过分析我国现行所得税会计处理方法,结合我国所得税会计工作的实际,利润表债务法仍应是目前的首选方法,对所得税费用应进行适度分摊。     

A Statistical Model of International Accounting Harmonization

This article shows how the difference between the observed frequencies of accounting policy choice and the outcome of a random policy choice, where each available method has an equal chance of being selected, may be fully explained with a statistical model. The process of harmonization is described in a way that identifies departures from equiprobable accounting policy choice as either: (a) the systematic effects of harmonization, or (b) the effects of systematic divergence from international harmony where the frequency of adoption of differing accounting methods varies across countries, or (c) the effects of company-specific accounting policy choices. The understanding of harmony that underlies previous attempts to measure harmonization is such that, with respect to a particular financial statement item, a situation of maximum harmony is reached when all companies in all countries use the same accounting method. From the standpoint of modelling the harmonization process. however, a different concept of harmony may be more useful. In this article, therefore, we posit a state of distributional harnzony in which, other things being equal, the expected distribution of accounting policy choices is the same in each country. In this theoretical state. the odds of selecting a given accounting method from those available for a particular financial statement item are identical for each country. A major advantage of this benchmark is that it provides a basis for distinguishing between two possibly conflicting components of the international harmonization process: between-country harmonization and within-country standardization. A hierarchy of nested statistical models is then used to describe accounting policy choices made by companies with an international shareholding and registered in Europe, where the European Union has been involved in a program of accounting harmonization. The accounting policies analysed in depth in this article comprise the treatment of goodwill and accounting for deferred taxation. The results are compared with the comparability index method used previously in harmonization research studies.     

Determinants of the Accounting Change for Income Tax

Abstract:   This study examines determinants of the decision of New Zealand firms to change their income tax accounting method from comprehensive to partial allocation. New Zealand provides a unique setting to investigate this issue because it allows firms the choice to use either the comprehensive or partial allocation procedures to account for income tax. I find that efficient contracting and debt‐related opportunistic factors are both important determinants that influence firms' decisions to change to partial. Specifically, the results indicate that the change is related to the extent of investment in depreciable assets and the closeness of firms to their debt covenant restrictions.     

Properties of Accounting and Finance Information and Their Effects on the Performance of Bankers and Models in Predicting Company Failure

When the number of cues provided to a banker for a decision is increased it may (1) increase their information load (number of relevant cues), (2) increase their data load (number of irrelevant cues), and (3) reduce their uncertainty. Models, on the other hand, are not affected by information or data load. The results from this research show that as the number of cues provided to bankers increases, uncertainty reduces, data load increases, but information load is unaffected. The uncertainty reduction increases the decision accuracy of both the bankers and models. Due to the data load experienced by the bankers but not the models, the models have superior performance. The implications for future practice and research are discussed.     

Dividend Irrelevance and Accounting Models of Value

In accounting models of value, dividends typically appear to have a strong positive relationship with value despite theoretical reasons to expect dividend displacement. We show that this result is driven by the relationship between dividends and both core earnings and other information derived from the valuation error in the prior year. Where core earnings can be effectively modelled in a specification including other information, dividend displacement is no longer rejected. Under these circumstances dividends exhibit weak incremental predictive power for earnings and earnings expectations and hence have little impact on value. We show that valuation models are sensitive to model specification and should be used with caution when testing the value impact of firm characteristics or accounting numbers.     

非货币交易的会计处理与所得税纳税调整

会计准则和税法对非货币交易的主要差异在于:其一,会计上一般不确认收入和收益(涉及补价时部分确认换出资产的转让利得),而税法则要求视同销售,确认资产转