A methodology for constructing a financial systemic stress index: An application to Greece

The paper develops a financial systemic stress index (FSSI) for Greece. We present a novel methodology for constructing and evaluating a systemic stress index which i) adopts the suggestion of Hollo et al. (2012) [“CISS — A ‘Composite Indicator of Systemic Stress’ in the Financial System” ECB working paper] to incorporate time-varying correlations between different market segments, but uses a multivariate GARCH approach which is able to capture abrupt changes in correlations, shown to be a prerequisite for correctly identifying financial crises, ii) utilizes both market and balance sheet data which is a novel feature for systemic stress indicators and iii) evaluates the FSSI utilizing the results of a survey, conducted among financial experts, in order to construct a benchmark chronology of financial crises for Greece, which in turn is used to investigate whether changes in the FSSI are good leading indicators for financial crises. The results show that the FSSI is able to provide a precise periodization of crises. Our findings suggest that accurate depiction of the systematic nature of stress is pivotal in order to provide proper policy guidance with respect to financial crisis identification.     

How index investment impacts commodities: A story about the financialization of agricultural commodities

This paper focuses on the impact of financial investors on agricultural prices, a phenomenon known as the financialization. In this aim, we check whether financial mechanisms drive extreme values and the mean of agricultural returns in the same way. Relying on the Threshold AutoRegressive Quantile (TQAR) methodology, we find evidence of reinforcement linkages between equity and agricultural markets since 2004, corresponding to the rise in inflows of institutional investors in commodity markets. These results show that agents impact more deeply commodity markets when the commodity index value is high. In addition, in extreme quantiles (0.75 and 0.90) of agricultural returns, the relationship between agricultural and stock returns is always significant when the commodity index return is in the higher regime. This finding suggests that, stock markets had a greater impact on agricultural price dynamics during the extreme movements which occurred during the 2007–2008 financial crisis, highlighting a potential influence of financial markets on the financialization of commodities.     

双重委托—代理视角下的金融中介、金融加速器与经济波动的研究

本文在BGG模型基础上,建立了包含企业、金融中介、投资者的双重委托—代理模型,将金融中介纳入信贷市场摩擦的分析框架内。分析了金融中介自身受信贷约束时,其资产净值变化对经济产生的金融加速器效应。得出在双重委托代理的信用契约下,企业外部融资溢价不但受自身资产净值的影响,还受金融中介资产净值的影响。各种外部冲击通过信贷市场中金融中介的传导对经济波动造成进一步放大的效应,经济波动的金融加速器效应在考虑金融中介资产净值的影响后得到了增强。     

终极控制权与财务风险：来自沪市的经验证据

本文从财务预警指数与金融工程领域广泛使用的VaR两个角度来定义财务风险,研究终极控制权对我国上市公司财务风险的影响。研究发现,终极控制人的现金流量权与控制权的偏离程度越高,上市公司财务风险越高。同时,终极控制人的性质亦会影响上市公司的财务风险。民营上市公司的财务风险最高,地方政府控制的上市公司次之,中央政府控制的上市公司财务风险最低。     

Daily market news sentiment and stock prices

In recent years there has been a tremendous growth in readily available news related to traded assets in international financial markets. This financial news is now available through real-time online sources such as Internet news and social media sources. The increase in the availability of financial news and investor’s ease of access to it has a potentially significant impact on market stock price movement as these news items are swiftly transformed into investors sentiment which in turn drives prices. In this study, we use the Thomson Reuters News Analytics (TRNA) data set to construct a series of daily sentiment scores for Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) stock index constituents. We use these daily DJIA market sentiment scores to study the influence of financial news sentiment scores on the stock returns of these constituents using a multi-factor model. We augment the Fama–French three-factor model with the day’s sentiment score along with lagged scores to evaluate the additional effects of financial news sentiment on stock prices in the context of this model using Ordinary Least Square (OLS) and Quantile Regression (QR) to analyse the effect around the tail of the return distribution. We also conduct the analysis using the seven-day simple moving average (SMA) of the scores to account for news released on non-trading days. Our results suggest that even when market factors are taken into account, sentiment scores have a significant effect on Dow Jones constituent returns and that lagged daily sentiment scores are often significant, suggesting that information compounded in these scores is not immediately reflected in security prices and related return series. The results also indicate that the SMA measure does not have a significant effect on the returns. The analysis using Quantile Regression provides evidence that the news has more impact on left tail compared to the right tail of the returns.     

Fiscal consolidation and financial reforms

We use a rare events logistic regression model as well as traditional probit and logit models to investigate the impact of fiscal consolidation on the likelihood of financial reforms for a panel of 17 countries over the period 1980–2005. We show that large austerity plans, mainly implemented through spending cuts rather than tax hikes, promote financial reforms. By considering reforms affecting specific areas of the financial sector, we find that the banking sector reforms and domestic finance reforms are more likely to occur when fiscal adjustments are put in place. Interestingly, while banking sector reforms are mainly prompted during periods of tax-driven consolidations, spending cuts driven consolidation packages seem to propel the implementation of domestic finance reforms. Finally, we show that higher inflation, lower degree of trade openness, a deterioration of financial conditions and, to some extent, a fall in the degree of competitiveness enhance the probability of financial reforms.     

金融综合改革项目对企业创新的影响研究——基于地级市面板数据的准自然实验

金融改革与企业创新之间联系紧密。金融综合改革试验区,是否能促进企业向高端技术迈进？此次自下而上的全方位试点工作促进企业的创新发展又具有什么经验和教训？试点工作的金融制度还应怎样优化设计安排才能进一步提升企业创新能力？对此,基于这些问题,以金融综合改革试验区与企业创新之间关系为研究对象,采集2010—2019年的相关面板数据,运用多时点双重差分模型（difference-in-difference,DID）,评估十二个国家金融综合改革试验区的政策效果,研究与讨论金融体制改革与企业创新能力之间的关系及影响,并提出对应的政策建议。研究结果表明：(1)金融综合改革试验区能促进企业创新,显著提高试验区城市的企业创新综合指数;(2)金融体系越发达的试验区促进企业创新的程度越大,金融体系可通过缓解融资约束这个途径正面影响企业创新;(3)金融综合改革试验区能有效降低风险,增强企业创新水平。     

双重委托-代理视角下的金融中介、金融加速器与经济波动的研究

本文在BGG模型基础上,建立了包含企业、金融中介、投资者的双重委托一代理模型,将金融中介纳入信贷市场摩擦的分析框架内。分析了金融中介自身受信贷约束时,其资产净值变化对经济产生的金融加速器效应。得出在双重委托代理的信用契约下,企业外部融资溢价不但受自身资产净值的影响,还受金融中介资产净值的影响。各种外部冲击通过信贷市场中金融中介的传导对经济波动造成进一步放大的效应,经济波动的金融加速器效应在考虑金融中介资产净值的影响后得到了增强。     

金融发展、技术进步与区域经济增长——基于欠发达地区的分析

运用向量自回归模型(VAR)估计区域金融发展水平与全要素生产率之间的关系考察金融发展与区域经济增长之间的技术进步影响,并运用格兰杰因果检验对区域金融发展规模与全要素生产率增长率之间的因果关系做出检验。研究发现,1990年以来中国西北各省区的经济金融化程度均得到提高,但是金融发展对全要素生产率的影响较弱,全要素生产率对金融规模的响应程度和显著性不高,西北地区金融发展对经济增长的作用还没有得到充分的发挥。     

金融能力、金融决策与贫困

本文利用2013年中国家庭金融调查（CHFS）数据,通过因子分析法构建居民金融能力指数,运用Probit模型、工具变量法和中介效应模型实证分析了金融能力对贫困的影响以及金融能力、金融决策与贫困之间的作用机理。研究发现：（1）无论是绝对贫困还是相对贫困,金融能力能够显著抑制贫困的发生,且城镇地区相较农村地区更明显。（2）金融能力对贫困的影响既存在“抑制效应”,也存在“偏离效应”,两者之间呈现正“U”型关系。（3）经中介效应模型计算可知,在“抑制效应”下,金融能力可以通过改善金融决策来缓解居民贫困状况。具体而言,在三种不同的贫困状况衡量方式下,金融决策的中介效应占比分别为2542%,2296%和2160%。     

金融压力、所有制结构与银行风险承担——基于中国影子银行活动的实证研究*

2008年金融危机之后，监测与防范系统性金融风险、维护金融稳定成为各国监管机构的工作重点。本文构建了一个反映我国系统性金融风险的中国金融压力指数（FSIC）。基于此，本文研究不同所有制结构的商业银行将如何调整影子银行业务以应对系统性金融风险。实证结果表明，当金融压力上升时，相较于国有银行，非国有银行的风险承担水平显著上升。进一步研究发现，这一差异与两类银行对影子银行这一风险业务的调整有关。当金融压力上升时，国有银行会显著减少影子银行业务，而非国有银行的影子银行业务不会减少。本文提出了国有银行的双重职能这一观点来解释实证研究的发现。本文的研究结论对于指导我国金融市场化改革和防范系统性金融风险具有重要启示。     

中国的金融压力及其对宏观经济景气的影响动态

文章从外汇市场、银行体系和资产泡沫三个方面分别测度了中国金融市场面临的压力,并基于动态CRITIC赋权法构建出中国金融压力总指数,分析了中国金融压力变动特征在不同时期特别是金融危机前后的典型差异,以及金融压力变动对经济景气波动的时变影响.研究表明:(1)金融压力积聚对经济景气的抑制效应比金融压力释放的促进效应更加显著;(2)货币政策的滞后性和局限性会引发金融压力与经济景气的"顺周期"现象,继而可能放大金融压力对经济景气的影响;(3)各金融子市场压力对经济景气的影响均具有显著的状态依赖特征,且表现出不同的时变动态.文章认为,政策制定者应在密切关注金融压力演变动态的基础上,灵活运用多种政策工具对重点领域和薄弱环节进行预调微调,充分发挥宏观审慎政策在平抑金融顺周期波动、防范风险跨市场传播等方面的重要作用,以实现宏观经济与金融体系的双重稳定.     

后危机时代中国金融条件指数的构建

本文梳理了金融条件指数的构建方法，分析了关于构建中国金融条件指数的研究现状。由于2008年金融危机后我国金融机制变异，传统构建方法存在局限性，本文强调时变权重和引入非金融变量两条改进思路。实证部分首先构建固定权重金融条件指数作为对照，再利用TVP VAR模型构建2008年金融危机后的金融条件指数，检验了时变权重金融条件指数对通货膨胀率的解释和预测能力。结果表明：时变权重金融条件指数优于固定权重情形，能够较好地反映我国的金融状况；信贷可得性的引入优化了金融条件指数；本文构建的金融条件指数先行于通货膨胀约11个月，对通货膨胀率的解释和预测能力很强。构建合理的金融条件指数对于提高危机后货币政策的有效性和预见性、实现经济金融双重稳定具有重要现实意义。     

影子银行规模变动的金融资产价格效应*

本文基于所构建的TVP VAR模型，检验了我国影子银行规模变动对金融资产价格的溢出效应。研究结果发现，影子银行规模的增加对商业银行同业拆放利率、房地产价格、股票市场价格指数和人民币实际有效汇率指数具有正向冲击。宏观经济政策调整使经济系统结构发生改变，从而导致金融资产价格对影子银行规模变动的冲击响应具有时变性。由于信息传导需要时间，因此影子银行规模变动的溢出效应具有时滞性。因此，应规范与引导影子银行的发展，在发挥其配置金融资源功能的同时提高资源配置效率，促进实体经济健康发展。     

Financial liberalization,financial regulation and bank efficiency: a multi-country analysis

This article investigates the impact of financial reforms on bank efficiency. More specifically, we distinguish between two different types of financial reforms, i.e. financial liberalization measures and measures of the quality of bank regulation and supervision (i.e. financial regulation), and study their relationship to bank efficiency separately. Moreover, we analyse whether the impact of financial liberalization on bank efficiency is conditional on the quality of regulation and supervision of the banking system. We apply stochastic frontier analysis to calculate bank efficiency at the individual bank level and use a new and detailed database that measures different aspects of financial reforms. The data-set consists of 87 312 bank-year observations covering 61 countries for the period 1996–2005. Overall, we show that the impact of financial liberalization policies on bank efficiency is conditional on the extent to which bank regulation and supervision has been adopted and developed.     

试论金融危机下我国的金融生态及其优化

金融作为一国经济的核心,对于社会的持续健康发展具有极其重要的作用。近年来,我国金融市场快速发展,为我国经济发展起到了积极的推动作用。但随着世界经济形势的不断变化以及金融市场风险的不断加剧,特别是本轮金融危机对全球金融市场的重大影响,使得我国金融生态环境受到多方面的冲击。文章在分析金融危机对我国金融生态环境造成的冲击的基础上,通过构建评价我国金融生态环境的指标模型,提出了恢复和优化当前我国金融生态环境的政策建议。     

国有商业银行法人授权等级评价指标体系及财务综合评价模型

我国国有商业银行普遍实行了法人授权管理制度．但是．目前暴露出的最显著的问题是缺乏统一的法人授权等级评价制度。基于财务状况的国有商业银行法人授权等级评价体系可以解决这一粤题。本文以某国有商业银行的财务数据为基础，建立综合评价模型，从而为我国国有商业银行法人授权等级评价提供参考依据。     

Financial conditions and economic activity: the potential impact of the targeted long-term refinancing operations (TLTROs)

This article explores the relationship between financial conditions and real economic activity in the euro area as a whole and for Greece in particular. We use a financial conditions index (see Angelopoulou et al. 2014) which is constructed using a wide range of prices, quantities, spreads and survey data in line with theory. We update the indices and use them within a VAR framework to estimate the potential impact of the targeted long-term refinancing operations (TLTROs) on aspects of economic activity. Our results suggest that financial conditions do have a significant effect on economic activity, and thus the TLTROs, to the extent that they are designed to improve financial conditions, will provide a boost to the real economy.     

包容性金融发展与城乡居民收入差距*——基于中国内地省级面板数据的实证研究

本文借鉴二元经济增长模型,分析了包容性金融发展与城乡居民收入差距的关系,并采用2011—2015年中国内地省级面板数据,运用面板数据模型和系统GMM模型对理论假设进行了实证检验。实证分析发现：（1）包容性金融发展对缩小城乡居民收入差距具有明显的促进作用;（2）传统银行的金融服务成本、互联网金融的数字支持服务程度对城乡居民收入差距的影响显著为负,这表明,包容性金融发展缩小城乡居民收入差距的直接作用主要是通过降低金融服务成本实现的;（3）传统银行金融包容性在缩小城乡居民收入差距方面的作用,东部比中西部更加明显,而互联网金融包容性对城乡居民收入差距的影响在中西部地区显著。据此,本文提出,应重视包容性金融发展的收入分配效应,以缩小我国城乡居民收入差距。     

Did the global financial crisis alter the competitive conditions in the Indian banking industry?

This article addresses a pertinent research question: Did the global financial crisis alter the competitive conditions in the Indian banking industry? In order to find the answer of this research question, we applied a dynamic version of the non-structural Panzar-Rosse model on a unique unbalanced panel dataset of Indian banks spanning over the period from 1998/99 to 2015/16. The robust estimates of H-statistic computed on the basis of the generalized method of moments estimates of the elasticities of input prices show that (i) Indian banks earned their interest and total revenue under monopolistic competition throughout the whole of the sample period and (ii) the global financial crisis altered the competitive conditions in the banking industry, and market moved closer to perfect competition following the financial crisis, especially when interest-bearing activities were in focus.