景点在旅游目的地营销中的作用

旅游目的地营销是一个复杂的系统问题,涉及面很广.但是,在实际的旅游目的地营销中,人们还是不自觉地、不断地利用景点景区开展形式多样的营销活动.虽然营销的形式多种多样,但表现最为突出者不外乎两种形式,即要么涨价,要么降价,甚至免费.几年前,在旅游业快速发展的同时,各地旅游景点的门票价格一路攀升;去年以来,特别是今年以来,各地又纷纷推出优惠价直至免费,以吸引旅游者.     

旅游者关系生命周期与目的地关系营销策略——以主题公园为例

从顾客关系生命周期角度实施关系营销策略对旅游服务提供商和旅游者建立长期关系非常重要.本文在顾客关系生命周期3阶段模型的基础上,结合旅游服务业和旅游者的特性,同时考虑了时间要素和网络环境要素,补充了在旅游者"消费阶段"之后的"评估阶段",提出了旅游服务业适用的旅游者关系生命周期4阶段动态模型:Dynamic Attention-Transaction-Experience-Evaluation Model(简称DATEE模型).该模型为旅游目的地服务提供商在互联网环境下制定关系导向的营销策略提供了框架支持.本文并结合国内外典型的主题公园营销实例进行了分析.     

旅游目的地营销中值得深入探讨的两个问题

政府主导旅游目的地营销,是各国发展旅游业的惯例.旅游目的地营销的一个关键环节是整体旅游形象的策划、设计与推广(匡林,2001).笔者认为,目前国内在旅游目的地营销中有两个问题值得深入探讨:     

信息传播:旅游目的地营销与服务的关键环节

文章讨论了旅游业作为信息密集型和信息依托型产业的特征,并指出,旅游目的地信息传播既是一种社会现象,也是目的地营销的基本内容,同时,传递信息也是为旅游者提供旅游服务的一种重要形式.     

影视旅游:旅游目的地营销推广新方式

电影电视中出现的旅游目的地会影响旅游者的旅游兴趣,促成旅游行为。绝大多数现有文献是研究影视旅游对于目的地旅游者数量和对旅游者决策过程的影响和作用,也有探索影视作品对于旅游目的地旅游形象的影响的。由此说明影视旅游是可以作为一种推广旅游目的地的营销新方式。影视旅游之所以成为营销工具,相关旅游地的旅游形象在其中起了重要作用。本文在现有文献理论和实证研究的基础上,分析论述了影视旅游作为营销方式的特点和原理,结合影视作品的拍摄和放映两个阶段,探讨了在每个阶段影视旅游营销工作的重点和形式。     

概念营销:让入境旅游者选择中国旅游

在全球化竞争态势下,旅游业竞争首先表现为目的地之间的竞争,中国作为目的地营销是将中国作为一个整体所进行的营销活动,目的是吸引入境旅游者选择中国.     

旅游目的地营销要从"贵族"走向"平民"

从一定意义上讲,旅游经济是宣传经济,是知名度经济.因此,旅游业要成"气候",必须对旅游目的地进行营销.然而,长期以来,我国旅游目的地营销的对象多是瞄向精英阶层、高收入阶层,认为工薪阶层、低收入阶层利润太少,市场不值得开拓.如今,旅游业不约而同成为各地大力发展的产业,然而,日益走高的景区门票,不断上涨的旅游费用,让大多数普通百姓旅游的梦想变得遥远,使方兴未艾的旅游业正在暗中流失一大批客户资源.     

旅游目的地营销应注重发挥好三个"效应"

旅游目的地营销是一项复杂的系统工程.它是以旅游目的地区域为营销主体,代表区域内各种相关机构、所有旅游企业和全体从业人员,以一个旅游目的地的整体形象加入到旅游市场激烈的市场竞争中,并以不同方式和手段传播旅游信息,制造兴奋点,展示新形象,增强吸引力,引发消费者注意力和兴奋点的全过程.旅游目的地营销是否成功,最终取决于潜在的旅游者对旅游目的地的印象是否深刻.笔者认为,充分发挥好三个"效应",是旅游目的地营销获得成功的有效手段.     

旅游目的地的品牌营销

从旅游目的地品牌营销的竞争力内涵来看,旅游目的地品牌营销的竞争力应包含民族文化和地方文化双重内涵,只有具有民族特色、地方特色和文化特色的旅游目的地,才能使旅游目的地的品牌营销竞争力具有持久性和独特性.世界各国的旅游目的地以其独特的民族文化与地方文化,吸引着世界各地的旅游者.发达国家在发达的经济、整洁的环境、优美的景色等方面,都具有旅游目的地得天独厚的旅游目的地品牌营销条件.与法国的浪漫文化、意大利的典雅文化、美国的现代文化、日本的精美文化相比,中国悠久的历史文化与独特的民俗风情,是吸引越来越多的外国旅游者到中国旅游的主要原因.     

对旅游目的地形象概念的两种理解

旅游目的地是旅游活动的承载空间,为旅游者提供了消费平台.旅游目的地的吸引力来自商业化的旅游服务、非商业化的原始景观和旅游目的地所拥有的独特氛围,其范畴远远超出了"整体旅游产品"的概念.然而,旅游目的地远离客源地,在旅游消费者看来是一个独立的区域,因此,如何吸引消费者的注意,在众多备选目的地中脱颖而出,增加目的地的旅游需求量,是旅游目的地营销活动的目标所在.一般来说,旅游目的地的营销组织是非营利机构,其营销工作的主要内容是宣传促销,目的在于在目标消费者的心目中建立有吸引力的目的地形象.     

论旅游目的地营销误区与新策略

旅游目的地之间竞争的日益加剧,使营销成为目的地在竞争中胜出的有力武器,旅游市场营销也随之从以企业为主体的营销模式转变到以目的地营销为主体的时代.本文在考察国内外旅游目的地营销研究和实践的基础上,结合国内旅游目的地实际,分析我国目的地营销中存在的几大误区,并讨论了旅游目的地营销的新策略.     

The Role of Market Orientation in Managing Crises During the Post-Crisis Phase

SUMMARY

The tourism business around the world, as one of the most susceptible and vulnerable sectors, must often manage and survive global crises. In recent years the global tourism industry has experienced major crises, such as terrorist attacks, political instability, economic recession, biosecurity threats and natural disasters. The most well-known cases bear testimony to the fact that crises are not new to the tourism industry. However, tourism management capabilities and abilities to deal with complex and critical situations are limited. The time has come to develop an understanding of factors that can help tourism businesses prepare a way of getting through such crises by examining the role of market orientation and its antecedents during a post-crisis phase. This paper is concerned with the effects of several organizational factors on market orientation in airlines during the post-crisis phase of the terrorist attacks of “9/11.” The results indicate that top management factors, interdepartmental factors and organizational systems have a positive effect on market orientation after a crisis has occurred.     

基于旅游产业化的一种动态教育模式安排

本文通过对近几年来我国旅游教育与旅游产业发展的状态比较 ,在抽样调查和实证数据分析的基础上 ,指出旅游教育与旅游产业发展过程中存在的一种均衡与非均衡状态 ,并提出了一种旅游教育与旅游产业协调发展的动态教育模式。     

大篷车促销:中国旅游市场营销创新的成功实践--大篷车营销实现从实践到理论的飞跃

旅游大篷车是近些年来我国旅游市场营销的一大创新。国家旅游局组织全国旅游系统先后在欧美等地和日、韩等国家举办旅游大篷车 ,全国各地也已在国内外举办了上百次规模不等的旅游大篷车 ,并取得成功。目前大篷车宣传已渗透到经贸、科技、文化、体育等社会的许多领域。旅游大篷车的成功探索 ,推动了旅游业的发展和进步 ,特别是开创了旅游目的地营销的新范例。本文首次全面总结了旅游大篷车旅游营销活动的广泛性、轰动性、生动性、互动性、叠加性和多层面等六大特点 ,深入分析了大篷车旅游营销管理和运作的模式 ,阐述了旅游大篷车在旅游营销创新中取得的六大突破 ,即战略创新、模式创新、品牌创新、形象创新、市场创新和渠道创新。     

Web-based permission marketing: Segmentation for the lodging industry

Permission marketing is becoming an important tool in maintaining relationships with travelers via the Internet. Its growing importance can be seen in tourism marketing, specifically in the lodging industry. With an increase in industry use, the effectiveness of this technique needs assessment. This paper initiates this process by examining current methods used to collect contact information for the purpose of permission marketing. Three segments of the market are identified and compared based upon their willingness to supply contact information. Significant differences were found in socio-demographics, online habits, trip characteristics, and website design preferences. Implications for lodging marketers are presented and future research topics are discussed.     

A Study into the Use of Management Science and Marketing Research Techniques in the Irish Tourism Industry

Abstract

The authors report the findings of a recent survey into the use of management science and marketing research techniques in the Irish tourism industry. Given the well documented benefits of these techniques for management decision making, the research was undertaken to explore the extent to which managers in the Irish tourism industry are aware of and use these techniques. The usefulness of these techniques has spawned a considerable expansion of the coverage of such topics throughout business studies programmes in the higher education sector internationally. The study examines whether what is being taught is being used in practice and if not why not. Overall, the results indicate that management science and marketing research practice in the Irish tourism industry do not seem to reflect their potential.     

旅游业敏感性及危机管理的适当解读——冷静后的再研究与实证分析

虽然旅游学界对于旅游业的＂敏感性＂早有关注,但是对其进行专题讨论的论著依旧寥寥,近年来,突发事件给旅游业带来的冲击和影响引起了人们对此的更多关注。文章旨在结合旅游产业的实践,重点梳理国内外相关研究,讨论＂敏感性＂与＂脆弱性＂差异,旅游业危机的二层面三维度的衡量原则,以期促进对突发事件和危机管理认知的深化,从而揭示危机管理研究对旅游管理学与旅游市场营销学的推进作用。     

Cross-cultural negotiations in the hospitality industry: the Japanese market

The growing importance of travel and tourism to the economy of the United Kingdom is widely acknowledged. The increasing contribution made by travellers from Japan to the income of this industry has also been acknowledged. The authors review the guidance given in the literature to those responsible for negotiations with representatives of the Japanese market and compare this with their own findings obtained from interviews at senior management level in London hotels for which the Japanese market represents a significant proportion of their business. It emerges that certain guidelines can be identified which will help managers in the hospitality industry prepare themselves for negotiations with the greater probability of a successful outcome.     

Services Research in Destination Marketing

Abstract

This paper examines the past performance of, and future prospects for, services marketing research into tourism destination marketing and management. While service delivery by individual enterprises is important, the fundamental products of the industry are destination experiences that incorporate commercial tourism services as well as non-commercial activities and interactions. For this reason, the paper focuses on tourism destinations rather than the individual enterprises that deliver services to tourists at destinations. The paper identifies areas that have attracted a concentration of research effort to date. The principal objective of the paper, however, is to identify services research issues deserving greater attention by service researchers in general and tourism researchers in particular.