水会断流，地会断“土”吗？──从黄河断流想起

水会断流，地会断“土”吗？──从黄河断流想起本刊记者马文晓浊浪滚滚的黄河水一向被人们认为是取之不尽、用之不竭的。然而近年来却连续出现黄河断流现象，去年３－７月，昔日奔腾汹涌的黄河水长达６２２公里段干枯，露出了它千年的胸膛。黄河断流，知情者惊之为大患。...     

对黄河流域引黄水价的几点认识

黄河断流所带来的种种问题，引起了国内外的广泛关注。充分运用经济杠杆即通过调整水价刺激和促进整个流域计划用水、节约用水，保护水资源是十分必要的。通过对黄河流域水价改革历程的回顾，简要总结了当前黄河水价存在的问题，初步提出了黄河流域引黄水价改革的思路。     

利用水价缓解黄河水危机

利用水价缓解黄河水危机陈怀智（黄河水利委员会）当今黄河频繁断流成为举国关注的大问题。从黄河流域用水的现状看，无论是地表水、地下水，都存在着水资源十分紧缺，用水又十分浪费的状况。造成这种局面的一个重要原因是长期以来我国水费过低。解决这个问题的根本出路，...     

长江上游、黄河上中游坡改梯对其径流及生态环境的影响

通过对梯田的蓄水拦沙效应，坡改梯及分小循环与河川径流大循环的关系，坡改梯对其生态环境演变影响的分析，指出长江上游，黄河上中游的坡改梯增强了水分小循环，造成入河水沙量的削减，其中减水，有利于长江，黄河汛期的防洪减灾，减沙，缓减了长江，黄河河道及湖泊水库泥沙的淤积，为其流域治理与生态恢复创造了有利条件，在黄河上中流域，减水造成入黄径流量的减少，也促成了断流现象的发生。     

期待黄河里珍稀鱼类愈增

正"今年6月份,我们在黄河下游长垣段发现了3条鳗鲡,如获至宝。上世纪七八十年代,鳗鲡每年在黄河黄海之间洄游,后来由于大型水库建设、黄河断流以及水质污染,多年不见其踪影。现在鳗鲡重现,说明黄河的生态环境得到极大改善。"说起黄河珍稀鱼类鳗鲡,河南省水产科学研究院种质资源库负责人赵道全难掩兴奋之情。     

中国农业发展的革命性选择——节水农业

危机正威胁着中国农业的发展。农业本来就面临着重重困难,水危机无疑是雪上加霜。据报道,黄河源区再次干涸,而且干涸将会频繁发生。自20世纪50年代以来,黄河源区的水均衡处于负均衡状态,只有丰水年份才会出现均衡。由于全球气候变化影响,再加上黄河源区过度放牧对草场植被破坏,致使草原大面积退化和荒漠化,沼泽湿地失水严重。进入20世纪90年代后,黄河源区干旱化趋势加剧。黄河被称为“母亲河”,为中华文明和中国农业做出了巨大贡献,黄河的断流给北方农业带来不可估量的损失。回想1977年黄河中下游长达三百多天的断流至今使人触目惊心。黄河…     

黄河断流的环境经济评估浅析

１彻底治理黄河断流是实施沿黄地区经济可持续发展战略的必然选择可持续发展是人类发展新的模式，可持续发展的核心是发展，就是促进发展模式的转变，实现人口、资源、环境与经济协调发展。对于发展中的国家——中国来说，可持续发展的主题是发展，经济发展是我们办一切事...     

用经济手段解决资金难题

在社会各项事业日渐步入市场化、产业化发展轨道的大背景下，水资源紧缺已成为不容回避的事实。但水利行业基础薄弱，无疑使这一难题的解决难上加难。山东省水利厅称德州市丁东水库为“全省平原水库建设的样板工程”，不仅是对其在实践中成功进行机制改革的评价，也是对德州水利人以经济手段解决资金难题的最高褒奖。德州位于黄河之畔，每年有１５亿ｍ３黄河水滋润着这片１０３４１ｋｍ２的土地。但在８０年代末９０年代初，黄河开始频频断流，且大有愈演愈烈之势，沿黄地区水的“赤字”也越来越大。一所城市的持续发展，全部依赖水的这道“…     

试论林业生态体系建设面临的问题及对策

1引言森林既提供木材以满足人们需要,又具有调节气候、防风固沙、涵养水源、保护生物多样性等多种生态效用,是陆地生态系统的主体。由于森林资源锐减,目前我国生态环境日益恶化,自然灾害频繁发生。如黄河中上游有256个县水土流失严重,流失面积5亿多亩,黄河成了世界上含泥沙最多的河流,经由陕西渲关下泄的泥沙平均每年达16亿吨,随同水土流失的土壤养份3000多万吨,超过全国化肥生产总量。水土流失导致河床升高,河道淤塞,黄河干流上的七个大型水库库容淤积40％,有的高达3／4以上。此外,这几年来黄河年断流日数每年递增,极大地影…     

北方干旱与防旱保墒技术—对灌溉农业的反思

我国北方降水不足,存在着旱灾易于发生的自然条件。近些年来,黄河年年断流。许多地区地下水位下降,给片面依赖灌溉发展农业的指导思想敲响了警钟。北方地区的农业有近万年的历史,在漫长的历史时期中,我国人民主要是依靠传统的防旱保墒技术,而不是灌溉,来发展农业生产的。     

水利工程运行精细化管理的理论与实践探索

水利工程运行精细化管理模式对提高水利工程运行管理现代化水平,顺应新时期经济社会高质量发展要求具有重要的现实意义与实践价值。基于水利工程运行精细化管理要素的理论框架分析,系统梳理了江苏省水利工程运行管理的实施路径和推进措施,并对在经济、社会、生态和安全等方面取得的效益进行了评估。通过实施水利工程运行的精细化管理,江苏省水利工程的安全状况明显改善,运行管理更加规范,管理精品不断涌现,管理水平全面提升,工程效益充分发挥,取得了巨大的经济效益、社会效益、生态效益和安全效益。     

Livelihood rights perspective on water reform: Reflections on rural Zimbabwe

The right to water has been adopted as a human right in General Comment 15 by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. It provides a new framework for law and policy supplanting the Dublin Principles that have too often been understood in the African context to mean water with the ‘right’ price. Does a human rights approach to water, especially in rural contexts, speak to the multiple ways in which men and women share and manage water? How are water tenure and land tenure linked in Zimbabwe's rural areas? We examine if and how local norms and practices include water within a broader right to livelihood. Substantial field research in Zimbabwe including ours demonstrates the existence of a right to water and livelihood, which can be responsive to gender and poverty. We suggest the incorporation of local norms and practices within water management laws and policies at regional, national and local levels.     

玛纳斯河流域农业开发与水资源分配格局的改变及其生态效应

水作为绿洲环境和经济建设的主要限制因素，直接决定着经济建设的规模、方向和水平。玛纳斯河流域农业开发，改变了流域水资源的自然分配格局，一方面发挥了水资源利用的潜力，扩大了灌溉绿洲面积，创造了更适于农业生产和人类生活的绿洲小气候。另一方面，人类不合理的开发活动造成水量的地域分配平衡、盐量平均、生态平衡及生物多样性遭受破坏，对人类的生存与发展又构成了一定的威胁。玛纳斯河流域作为新疆干旱区典型的内陆河，生态环境和农业生产的可持续发展均取决于对整个流域水资源的集约高效利用。     

农业节水补偿额定量测算方法及应用

在简要讨论农业节水补偿必要性的基础上，对农业节水补偿额定量测算方法进行了深入研究，分别给出了定量计算农业节水投资补偿额和年运行管理费补偿额的计算公式，并介绍了该方法的应用情况。     

休闲旅游农庄水生态承载极限研究——以四川省为例

随着生活水平的提高,人们越来越向往绿色生态的生活方式,然而,生态环境已经伴随着经济的发展不断恶化,水资源利用也逐渐偏离可持续发展理念。文章以可利用水资源量、人口和城镇化、农业用水、生态环境用水作为关键因素构建了休闲旅游农庄的水生态承载极限定量计算模型。通过对主要部门用水量和相关指标数据调查和总结,根据定量模型计算结果显示,总体看,四川省水生态承载能力足以维持远景规划,其中,成都平原、四川盆地、川东平行领谷区、川中丘陵区、川西高原等5个地区的水生态承载力分别为15 628万人、10 215万人、8 301万人、5 504万人、4 809万人。     

中国节水农业成效、形势机遇与展望

目的 我国是世界上水资源缺乏的国家之一,发展节水农业在保障国家粮食安全和农业绿色高质量发展大局中具有重要战略地位。全面总结“十三五”节水农业发展成效与经验,认真分析节水农业的现状、形势和任务,加快“十四五”期间节水农业发展,推进节水增粮、节水增效,具有十分重要的意义。方法 文章对我国近10年来的水资源、农业用水、灌溉用水、旱作农业生产和用水效率进行系统总结和数据分析。结果 “十三五”期间,我国节水农业发展取得显著成效,农业用水总量及其占全国用水总量的比例“双下降”,农业用水效率和效益“双提升”,切实提高农业用水效率,为保障粮食和食物安全做出重要贡献。结论 中国农业生产面临着干旱缺水的长期威胁,大力发展节水农业,解决好农业用水问题,是保证我国粮食和食物安全、转变农业发展模式并促进绿色高质量发展的需要,也是实现农业现代化和生态文明的根本路径。     

Water pricing policies,public decision making and farmers' response: implications for water policy

The problems caused by water scarcity demand important changes in the criteria and objectives of water policies. The agricultural sector in Spain consumes up to 80% of all available hydric resources and the need to increase the efficiency of current uses of water in the agricultural sector is at the core of the country's national water policy. One alternative would be to resort to water pricing policies with the aim of providing incentives to save water consumption although it would inflict a certain degree of income losses to the farmers and raise the revenue collected by the water authorities. The objective of this research is to analyze the effect caused by the application of different water pricing policies on water demand, farmers' income and the revenue collected by the government agency. To undertake this analysis a dynamic mathematical programming model has been built that simulates farmers' behavior and their response to different water pricing scenarios. Empirical application of the model has been carried out in several irrigation districts in Spain covering varied farm regions and river basins. Results show that the effects of alternative pricing policies for irrigation water are strongly dependent on regional, structural and institutional conditions and that changing policies produce distinct consequences within the same region and water district. Thus, equivalent water charges would create widespread effects on water savings, farm income and collected government revenue across regions and districts.     

上海市郊区水体污染问题及防治对策

对上海郊区水体日益恶化的情况进行了研究,认为非点源污染是市郊水体污染的主要原因,随着城市对点源污染的治理不断深入,非点源污染对郊区水体环境的破坏作用就显得越来越明显;提出了相应的对策。     

Non–Market Interventions in Water–Sharing:Case Studies from West Bengal, India

This paper deals with two issues that are important areas of concern in the recent literature on water management in less–developed countries: forms of ownership of groundwater resources and alternatives to anarchy in the exploitation and use of groundwater. The emergence of a market for irrigation water has been argued to have the potential to provide irrigation water to large numbers of small cultivators in developing countries. The development of free markets for water, however, has also been shown to be associated with the emergence of 'water–lords' and with contracts for the purchase and sale of water that are biased against the poor. By contrast, this paper presents two examples of viable non–market interventions in water–sharing – regulation of water markets by village councils and cooperative tubewell groups – from villages in West Bengal, India. These interventions both improved the efficiency of water–use and represented relatively equitable arrangements for water–sharing.     

The Allocation of Nutrient Load Reduction across a Watershed: Assessing Delivery Coefficients as an Implementation Tool

Delivery coefficients have long been used in economic analysis of policies that seek to address environmental problems like water pollution. However, the derivation and validity of delivery coefficients have not been examined carefully by empirical analyses. We derived estimates of delivery coefficients and then evaluated them as a bridge between complex simulation models and economic policies like water quality trading. We found that the allocations achieved outcomes that differed from intended water quality targets by less than 10% in most cases. For the least-cost allocation with heterogeneous costs, cost savings significantly outweighed deviations from water quality targets.