“新共识”宏观经济学货币政策理论述评

“新共识”宏观经济学产生于20世纪90年代，本世纪以来出现大量经典文献并得到进一步发展。在“新共识”宏观经济模型中，货币存量不起作用，但货币政策在“新共识”中被赋予了非常重要的作用。因为通货膨胀对经济效率和增长具有破坏性作用，而货币政策可以决定通货膨胀。“新共识”宏观经济学中的货币政策采用盯住通货膨胀的方式，通过调节利率将通货膨胀控制在一个较低的水平。利率可以通过利率渠道、财富效应渠道、汇率渠道、货币渠道、窄的信贷渠道和宽的信贷渠道六个渠道对经济产生影响，以实现它的最终目标。“新共识”宏观经济学与传统的凯恩斯主义和20世纪80年代的新凯恩斯主义有很大的不同，在某些政策主张上甚至“恢复”了货币主义。     

最优财政政策与货币政策研究动态

对货币政策的分析是目前国内研究的热点之一。但现实中，货币政策总是和财政政策交织在一起，二者相互影响、相互作用、共同调节整个经济的发展。长期以来，西方经济学界一直重视财政政策和货币政策相互作用及其最优搭配问题的研究。早在宏观经济学诞生不久，就有人利用凯恩斯经济理论，在IS-LM模型及其扩展模型中分析财政政策和货币政策的搭配问题。     

财政政策与货币政策协调浅析

一、宏观经济政策的两种选择和两种结果 从目前我国经济的发展趋势来看,宏观政策可能有两种不同的选择,也有两种不同的结果。实行扩张经济性政策,适当调低汇率,增加货币供给,解决银行坏帐问题,使物价有所上升,经济会不断恢复,增长速度回升,利率水平随之上升。实行适度从紧的经济政策,汇率保持不变,经济将继续保持低速增长,通货紧缩的状况不会改变,利率水平较低。这时如果增加货币供给,就要首先增加外汇储备,但并不会解决通货紧缩的问题。如果是后一种结果,就会出现类似日本的情况,而且中国是否能够在低生产、低消费、低物价、低利率的条件下长期维持仍然是一个问题。 二、财政政策和货币政策之间的选择     

我国财政政策与货币政策的应用研究

本文研究了我国财政理论及其框架的创新与发展,进而分析了财政政策在国家宏观调控下的一系列发展和转变,对财政政策与货币政策等其他宏观调控政策的配合与应用进行了研究.研究目的在于分析财政政策在国民经济调节体系中的政策走向和作用,说明财政政策与货币政策的配合要有利于维护国内经济的稳健运行,应对来自外部的冲击.     

论我国近期财政政策与货币政策的配合

“九五”期间,我国成功地治理了通货膨胀,实现了经济运行的“软着陆”,取得的成就举世瞩目。但由于受东南亚金融危机帮国内诸方面的影响,我国曾出现了同需不足,经济疲软的态势,尽管政府采取了一系列货币政策措施,其拉动需求的效果均不明显,导致政府不得不启动了力度较大的财政政策。现行财政政策实施效果如何？近期我国应采取何种财政政策？本文重点进行探讨。     

“5·12”地震后我国财政政策与货币政策协调配合研究

针对在2008年5月12日四川省汶川市大地震发生后,分析了此次地震对我国宏观经济的影响,并根据当前这种宏观经济形势,指出在抗震救灾背景下财政政策与货币政策协调配合要有所角色侧重的同时,还要加强财政政策和货币政策调控结合部重点领域的合理协调,从而达到尽量减少地震对宏观经济的负面影响,继续保持良好的经济发展势头的目的。     

“5·12”地震后我国财政政策与货币政策协调配合研究

近年来,我国多次成功地运用财政政策与货币政策对宏观经济进行调控,使得我国经济保持了高速平稳的发展。2008年我国经济发展进入了关键的一年,而5月12日四川省汶川市发生的大地震对我国宏观经济产生了极为严重的影响。本文主要讨论针对在地震发生后,财政政策和货币政策如何进一步协调配合,从而尽量减少地震对宏观经济的负面影响,继续保持良好的经济发展势头。     

探析财政政策与货币政策的配合

财政政策是政府为实现一定宏观经济目标而调整财政收支规模和收支平衡的原则和措施。货币政策是政府为实现一定宏观经济目标所制定的关于货币供应的基本方针和措施。本文主要就财政政策与货币政策的配合进行分析。     

The New Consensus on Monetary Policy and its Post-Keynesian Critique

Abstract

This paper seeks to look at the underlying framework of the New Consensus models, providing a Post-Keynesian critique. In the light of this critique, the model is reformulated, with its basic structure intact, but with alternative post-Keynesian specifications of the Phillips curve being considered. It is shown that such modifications, either allow a long run trade-off between the rate of inflation and the level of output, the rate of capacity utilization and, therefore, unemployment, or, in our preferred specification, changes in output and capacity have no implications for inflation over a large range of capacity utilization.     

Fiscal Policy, Monetary Policy and the Exchange Rate

Domestic fiscal and monetary policy settings can influence the strength of the Australia dollar in a number of different ways.     

Interactions between Monetary and Fiscal Policy Rules

The Fiscal Stability Pact for EMU implies that constraints on fiscal policy facilitate inflation control. In this paper we identify two stable policy regimes. When monetary policy seeks to raise real interest rates in response to excess inflation, a self-stabilising fiscal policy is required to ensure model stability. A fiscal policy which does not, by itself, ensure fiscal solvency constrains monetary policy to be relatively 'passive'. However, in simulations we conclude that the central bank does not need to seek, on this account, the degree of debt stabilisation that appears to be implied by the fiscal stability pact.     

Some Fiscal Implications of Monetary Policy

We study the implications of alternative monetary targeting procedures for real interest rates and economic activity. We find that countercyclical monetary policy rules lead to higher real interest rates, higher average tax rates, lower output but lower variability of tax rates and consumption relative to procyclical rules. For a country with a high level of public debt (e.g. Italy), the adoption of a countercyclical procedure such as interest rate pegging may conceivably raise public debt servicing costs by more than half a percentage point of GNP. Our analysis suggests that the current debate on the targeting procedures of the European Central Bank ought to be broadened to include a discussion of the fiscal implications of monetary policy.     

On the Effectiveness of Monetary Policy and of Fiscal Policy

There has been a major shift within macroeconomic policy over the past two decades or so in terms of the relative importance given to monetary policy and to fiscal policy in both policy and theoretical terms. The former has gained considerably in importance, with the latter being rarely mentioned. Furthermore, the nature of monetary policy has shifted away from any attempt to control some monetary aggregate (prevalent in the first half of the 1980s), and instead monetary policy has focused on the setting of interest rates as the key policy instrument. There has also been a general shift towards the adoption of inflation targets and the use of monetary policy to target inflation. This paper considers the significance of this shift in the nature of monetary policy. This enables us to question the effectiveness of monetary policy, and to explore the role of fiscal policy. We examine these questions from the point of view of the "new consensus" in monetary economics and suggest that it is rather limited in its analysis. When the analysis is broadened out to embrace empirical issues and evidence the clear conclusion emerges that monetary policy is relatively impotent. The role of fiscal policy is also considered, and we argue that fiscal policy (under specified conditions) remains a powerful tool for macroeconomic policy. This is particularly an apt conclusion under current economic conditions.     

欧元体系财政与货币政策协调性分析

欧元区集中统一的货币政策和权力分散的财政政策 ,已有 4年多的实践历程 ,实践表明财政与货币政策协调性较差 ,欧盟的机构设置与政策结构的设计的确存在缺陷 ,采取扩张性货币政策缓解内部冲击与价格稳定首要目标已处于两难境地。实现统一的“大财政”,通过财政转移 ,重新配置资源 ,以帮助成员国吸收不对称冲击的影响 ,是提高欧元体系财政与货币政策协调性措施之一。     

Monetary and Fiscal Policy Rules in the EMU

Abstract. This paper studies the design and effects of monetary and fiscal policy in the euro area. To do so, a stylized two‐region model of monetary and fiscal policy rules in the EMU is built. We analyse how monetary and fiscal rules affect the adjustment dynamics in the model. Both the effects on the individual countries and on the EMU aggregate economy are studied. Three aspects play an important role in the analysis: (i) the consequences of alternative monetary and fiscal policy rules, (ii) the consequences of asymmetries between EMU countries (asymmetries in macroeconomic shocks and macroeconomic structures), and (iii) the role of alternative degrees of backward‐ and forward‐looking behaviour in consumer decisions and inflation expectations.     

我国财政货币政策的调整与制度安排

为启动内需 ,我国于 1998年实施了积极的财政政策与稳健的货币政策 ,随着时间的推移 ,需要对其进行调整。调整的取向是向适度的财政政策和稳健的货币政策转变 ;调控方向应由基础建设投资向产业结构调整转变。加强财政货币政策协调运行的制度建设 ,提高货币政策的传导效率和财政政策的运行效率。     

论我国财政政策与货币政策的选择

财政政策与货币政策都是有效的。积极的财政政策的负面影响不能低估，财政风险的波及面更大，其影响的深度和广度也较金融风险为甚。治理通缩，货币政策不应是消极和无所作为的，应随宏观经济形势变动而适时调整。特别在积极的财政政策换位时，宽松的货币政策应作为首选，否则，货币政策就会“失职”。     

Monetary and Fiscal Policy Interactions in the Euro Area

The problem of monetary and fiscal policy interactions is an important issue for the euro area, since the individual member states of the EMU are responsible for their fiscal policies but monetary policy is pursued by a single monetary authority, the ECB. This paper is concerned with empirical evidence on monetary and fiscal policy interactions in the euro area. We first explore fiscal regimes with a VAR model and find empirical evidence that a non-Ricardian fiscal policy has been pursued in both France and Germany. As an example, we then study how one member state of the EMU, namely, Italy, is responding to the common monetary policy with its fiscal policy and find that Italian fiscal policy seemed to be counteractive to the common monetary policy between 1979 and 1998. In order to study monetary and fiscal policy interactions in a more general way, we explore time-varying interactions by estimating a State-Space model with Markov-switching for some Euro-area countries. There appear to be some regime changes in monetary and fiscal policy interactions in France and Germany, but the interactions between the two policies are not strong. Moreover, the two policies have not been accommodative but counteractive to each other. Finally we explore forward-looking behavior in policy interactions and find that expectations do not seem to have played an important role in the policy designs.