Farmland prices and land-use changes in periurban protected natural areas

This paper provides empirical and conceptual insights in analysing the factors that determine the prices of farmland within Protected Natural Areas that are close to densely populated urban areas, the changes in land use experiences as well as the additional control policies needed to curb this unsustainable trend.The Urdaibai Biosphere Reserve nearby the metropolitan area of Bilbao (Basque Country, Spain) is the case study considered and its bordering non-protected rural area is used as a reference for comparison. A spatial hedonic farmland price model is estimated and the willingness of land purchasers to pay for different farmland characteristics quantified both inside and outside the Urdaibai Biosphere Reserve. The main results are that: (1) residential development is taking place in all categories of farmland, (2) aside from neighbouring prices, farmland prices depend on different factors depending on whether the marketed plots stand inside or outside the Protected Natural Area, (3) the “reserve effect” on land prices is less powerful than the “proximity to the metropolitan area (and motorway) effect” observed from villages of the non-protected area located in the 3rd crown of Bilbao, (4) the reasons for farmers non-compliance with policy regulations is the necessary knowledge base for the farmland conservation policy design and (5) in the light of the results, three development-control policy instruments such as Payments for Ecosystem Services, Tradable Planning Permits and development-taxes are discussed considering the factors that could improve compliance.     

Urban proximity,demand for land and land shadow prices in Malawi

We assess the spatial and intertemporal variation in farmland prices using per hectare minimum willingness to accept (WTA) sales and rental (shadow) prices in Malawi. We use three rounds of nationally representative farm household panel data from the Living Standards Measurement Surveys (LSMS), collected in 2010, 2013 and 2016. The sample is split in quintiles based on distance from the nearest major city, building on the land valuation and transaction cost theory, and agrarian political economy perspectives on global and national land transactions. Generally, farmland shadow prices decrease with distance from urban areas. However, farmland shadow sales prices increased more sharply between 2010 and 2013 in rural areas (+100 % vs +30 % in urban proximity). The results indicate that the sharp increase in demand for large-scale land transfers following the sharp increase in energy and food prices also affected rural smallholders’ land valuation, even in remote rural areas of Malawi. Conversely, by 2016 land shadow sales prices were again, like in 2010, about three times as high in areas near urban centres compared to remote rural areas. Even though sales prices declined in remote rural areas from 2013 to 2016, rental prices remained high. Using farm household-level population pressure variable, we show that local population pressure is a driver of farmland shadow prices, indicating land scarcity challenges, growing demand for land, and poorly developed land markets. With increasing land scarcity, land markets are becoming more important and need to be factored in when formulating development policies that aim to improve access to land in both peri-urban and rural areas.     

The Amenity and Disamenity Impacts of Agriculture: Estimates from a Hedonic Pricing Model

The positive and negative externalities from farmland are increasingly a focus of public policy discussion about agriculture and land use. A GIS-based hedonic pricing model shows that agricultural open space increases nearby residential property values, but larger-scale animal operations and mushroom production have negative impacts. Animal production facilities with as few as 200 animal equivalent units reduce nearby property values, but larger facilities do not necessarily generate larger impacts. Because they tend to occur together, the negative impacts of animal agriculture and the positive impacts of open space must be simultaneously modeled to avoid omitted variable bias.     

农地发展权流出、资本回流与区域经济增长*——基于重庆市的实证研究

[目的]以重庆市为研究区域,以农地发展权资本化的地票指标为研究对象,从理论和实证层面探讨农地发展权交易与资本要素的城乡互动关系及其对区域经济增长的影响,为进一步优化农地发展权交易政策、促进区域均衡发展提供相关建议。[方法]基于2008—2017年城乡统筹改革试验区重庆市地票指标交易的面板数据,运用要素禀赋理论和差分GMM模型从理论和实证层面分析农地发展权流出区土地与资本要素的互动关系及其对区域经济增长的影响。[结果]基于区域间资源禀赋的差异及要素相对价格的分化,在市场机制作用下,农地发展权指标将以配置效率优化为导向在不同区域间自由流动。[结论]短期内,由于资本约束,流出农地发展权的区域其经济增长会受到抑制;而当农地发展权指标资本化后,流出区获得了较为稀缺的货币资本,农地发展权流出将显著促进地方经济增长;同时,在研究时期内,由于农地发展权市场交易机制的构建,重庆市地方经济增长存在显著的收敛效应,区域间经济发展差距将会逐步缩小。     

中国耕地问题的症结与治本之策

研究目的:揭示中国当今耕地问题的深层原因,寻求治本之策.研究方法:归纳推理法,现象溯因法.研究结果:不合理占用耕地的问题之所以一再得不到根本解决,是因为对问题的症结缺乏认识,因而相应的政策基本上是治标不治本.问题的症结是土地产权不明晰,农民没有掌握主动权,所以虽然采取"世界上最严格耕地保护政策",实际上农地却最容易被征用.产权不明晰又必然导致土地市场化不充分,地方政府很容易滥用征地权,损害农民的利益和全社会的利益.此外,发展城市和工业在一定程度上以牺牲农民和农村为代价的传统计划经济思路仍未扭转,被征用土地的农民得不到合理的补偿;对耕地价值的认识不足,耕地的外部性价值被忽略.对症下药的治本之策是:真正实现"耕者有其田";将"征地"制度改革为"购地"和"征购"制度;重建耕地资源价值评价体系,把耕地的社会、生态价值和对后代的价值纳入农业效益;逐步全面实行农业补贴.研究结论:中国问题的核心是农民问题,农民问题的核心是土地问题,土地问题的核心是产权问题.明晰土地产权是中国耕地问题的治本之策,也是"三农"问题的治本之策.     

农地经营权流转价格扭曲的政府干预效应 ——基于边际价格理论的实证分析

研究目的：考察政府不同干预行为对农地经营权流转价格扭曲的影响效应,为完善农地生产要素配置及优化农地市场内外环境等提供政策建议。研究方法： Binary Logistic模型。研究结果：（1）当前农地经营权流转价格本应反映承包地利用产生的经济效益,由土地要素投入产出品的边际收益价值所决定;但受市场机制不完善、乡土伦理规范等多重影响,农地实际流转价格与要素价格间产生差异,表现为农地经营权流转价格扭曲。（2）政府不同的干预行为对农地经营权流转价格扭曲产生差异化效应。政府主导流转的直接干预模式会引起流转价格的高价扭曲,而通过构建流转交易平台、提供补贴等政策间接干预会缓解流转价格的低价扭曲。（3）对土地的经济诉求和保障诉求是造成流转价格扭曲的重要原因。研究结论：农地经营权流转价格的形成应交予市场,政府应避免直接干预造成价格的人为扭曲,可通过土地流转中介组织或补贴政策来间接培育优化农地市场交易环境。     

农地流转区域差异及其成因分析 ——以江苏省为例

研究目的：分析农地流转发展的区域差异,以及这种差异的主要成因。研究方法：文献分析,计量经济分析。研究结果：（1）江苏省农地流转发展水平存在区域差异,苏南地区的农地流转比例最高,而苏北地区的农地流转增速最快,且已超过苏中地区的农地流转比例;（2）农地流转的区域差异是多种因素共同作用的结果,地区经济发展和农村劳动力非农就业都对农地流转具有显著的推动作用,鼓励和扶持农地流转的农村土地政策有效促进了农地流转的发展,农地产权安全性对农地流转的影响并不显著,而紧张的农村人地关系和与种植面积（承包面积）挂钩的农业补贴政策对农地流转具有一定的阻碍作用。研究结论：为了进一步促进农地流转和实现农业适度规模经营,应该因地制宜引导农村劳动力非农转移,完善农业补贴制度,并逐步探索农地流转专项补贴。     

Social legitimacy issues in the provision of non-commodity outputs from Rural Development Programs

This article deals with the issues of welfare measurement and preference heterogeneity for Rural Development Programs (RDPs) in Cantabria, Spain. People from urban and rural localities would benefit from improvements in the provision of public goods and externalities promoted by RDPs, but their preferences may be quite different. Heterogeneous preferences between urban and rural dwellers would hinder the proper estimation and aggregation of social welfare. Results show significant differences between rural and urban residents. However, the social legitimacy of RDPs, in terms of positive welfare changes, would prevail in both rural and urban settings. The article concludes that accurately measuring social welfare values and explaining preference patterns is a key issue for developing effective multifunctional policies.     

农村土地承包经营权可抵押性及其约束条件分析 ——以湖北与江苏的试点为例

研究目的：辨明农村土地承包经营权可抵押的约束条件,为农地抵押试点提供可靠的理论依据和可行的政策建议。研究方法：基于湖北天门和江苏新沂的典型案例,从经济条件、职能分工、试点政策与进展等方面对两地试点进行比较研究。研究结果：农村土地承包经营权可抵押性受到法律因素和经济因素的共同制约;在相同的法律制度下,其可抵押性更多地由农业生产水平、土地流转市场、农村社会保障水平等经济条件决定。研究结论：试点应选择在经济发展水平较高、农业生产水平较高、土地流转市场相对完善的地区开展,相关法律政策也应在此类地区有选择地放开。     

台湾农地保护政策的演变及对大陆的启示

台湾50多年来的农业发展过程中进行过三次农地改革,每一次农地制度改革对台湾的农业、工业乃至整个社会都产生了十分重要的作用,形成了独特的"台湾模式"。台湾农地改革对大陆的启示是:土他改革是农业生产的推动力,不同的农业发展阶段需采取不同的农地保护政策,农地政策对农地数量的变化具有重要影响,土地改革需有详尽的法律规定作基础。大陆的农地保护应从数量、质量、生态三方面进行,建立产权明晰的土地政策,制定并颁布基本农田保护法规,避免农地非农化的随意性,优化土地利用结构提高农地利用效益。     

Land use policy in China: Introduction

This themed issue of Land Use Policy builds mainly on papers presented at an international conference on ‘Land Use Issues and Policy in China under Rapid Rural and Urban Transformation’, convened by the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing, China, in October 2012. The conference set out to share and promote new scientific findings from a range of disciplines that advance research on land use policy in China. The contributions to this themed issue provide conceptual–theoretical and empirical takes on the topic, around four main areas of interest to both researchers and policymakers: nation-wide land use issues, the Sloping Land Conversion Program, land engineering and land use, and land use transitions. Various land use issues have been associated with rapid urban–rural transformations in China, giving rise to formulation of new policies directly affecting land use. However, these have contributed to new land use problems due to the nature of the policies and the difficulties in policy implementation constrained by the special ‘dual-track’ structure of urban–rural development in China. In view of this, this themed edition makes a compelling call for more systematic research into the making and implementation of China's land use policy. It also emphasizes the challenges for further research on land use policy in China.     

中国农地征转用的价格增值分析

研究目的:农地征转用过程中的土地价格变化及其对农民利益的影响。研究方法:实证研究。研究结果:利用1990年以来的国家建设征地数据和农地产值、城市基准地价等数据,测算出1990—2003年间,农民集体在土地征收环节的贡献值约2.5万亿元;经济发展落后地区与东部经济较发达地区相比,经济发展落后地区被征地农民的利益损失更为严重。研究结论:现行征地补偿制度对农民利益损害严重,应推进征地补偿方式和补偿标准改革。     

农地“三权分置”改革的制度背景、政策解读、理论争鸣与体系构建：一个文献评述

研究目的:综述农地"三权分置"理论的研究现状,以期深化对农村土地"三权分置"改革理论研究和政策实施的认识,进而对中国农地制度变迁方向做出整体性判断和勾勒。研究方法:综合运用文献检索法和对比分析法。研究结果:学界对于三权分置改革的制度必然性、功能价值与积极效应的研究存在着共识,但是对于"三权分置"的政策表述、承包权和经营权的权源、性质和内容以及法律制度构建的研究却存在着分歧。研究结论:现阶段农地"三权分置"的政策逻辑和法律逻辑存在着违和性,学界对于"三权分置"的政策解读和法律解读存在着难以调和的矛盾。要想充分发挥"三权分置"政策的价值,就必须消除分歧,重叠共识,在总结实践经验的基础上进行法律调整和完善,最终实现政策安排和法律设计的完美相融。     

广东农村无地人口现状与获地途径研究

在落实了土地承包期30年不变的背景下,通过对广东省内传统的村庄、农户采取入户访谈的方式,就有关无地人口生产状态方面的问题进行调查后发现,在广东省内传统的农村地区,国家土地政策和各村是否严格执行国家土地政策对无地人口的数量有重要的影响,不断增加的无地人口对土地调整有影响,对土地转入没有直接影响却在一定程度上限制了农地转出,农村无地人口通过家庭继承的方式获取土地更普遍。     

耕地保护的外部性及其内化研究

耕地作为一种比较特殊的公共物品,决定了耕地保护具有外部性.本文在提出耕地保护外部性概念的基础上,对耕地保护外部性的表现和原因进行分析,最后提出耕地保护外部性内化的途径.     

基于AHP的耕地保护公共政策分析

耕地保护是我国的一项基本国策,在执行耕地保护政策过程中出现了"自上而下"、"激励主体"两种不同的保护模式,不同模式政策执行效果有显著差异。耕地保护制度在执行过程中经常出现偏差,中央政府保护耕地的政策目标不能得到有效实现,耕地保护的主体——农户的基本利益也不能满足,耕地质量的隐形下降与保护效果的明显欠佳。这些现象都表明需要客观评价不同模式的耕地保护政策。河北是农业大省,唐山市是其经济发达、耕地保护任务艰巨的典型地区。根据唐山市典型农村356家农户进行实地调查获取的数据和资料,选取评价指标和因素,运用层次分析法对"自上而下"、"激励主体"两种不同模式的耕地保护政策执行效果进行对比分析。研究表明,"激励主体"的耕地保护模式在执行效果上显著优于"自上而下"的耕地保护模式。研究结论表明需要从"自上而下"的行政模式向以经济激励为核心"激励主体"的市场模式转变,这对优化耕地保护政策执行具有借鉴意义。     

The Incidence of EU Per‐Hectare Payments on Farmland Rental Rates: A Spatial Econometric Analysis of German Farm‐Level Data

This article analyses determinants for 2001 farmland rental prices from 3,819 farms in Germany. Based on specification tests we estimate a general spatial model to account for both spatial relationships among rental prices of neighbouring farmers and spatially autocorrelated error terms. A €1 per hectare higher rental price in a farmer’s neighbourhood coincides with a €0.72 higher rental price paid by the farmer. The marginal incidence of EU per‐hectare payments paid for eligible arable crop land on rental rates amounts to €0.38 for each additional €1 of premium payments. Regional livestock density, which is indirectly influenced by different policies, is also a major determinant of rental prices. Results are confirmed by sensitivity analyses. Consequently, German farmland rental rates are heavily influenced by agricultural policy instruments and therefore, these policies exhibit substantial distributional effects.     

农地确权、差序格局与新型城镇化

农地流转的差序格局化特征会怎样影响我国新型城镇化进程?本文以农地制度改革为着眼点,利用2015年CHFS微观数据,将农地确权、农地流转差序格局与新型城镇化三者置于同一框架下进行系统性分析。研究发现,农地确权与农地流转的亲缘化特征显著促进农业转移人口城镇化。进一步检验作用机制发现,二者在促进农业转移人口城镇化作用方面并行不悖,农村内部整合型社会资本能够弥补正式制度不足带来的农地产权风险。因此,本文认为应着力提升农地确权政策的执行效果,在构建起高效、合理、规范的农地流转制度的同时,促进农户间相互合作,加大力度培育以农户为主体的新型农业经营项目,平稳推进新型城镇化,实现城乡融合发展。     

Exploring preferences towards the provision of farmland walking trails: A supply and demand perspective

Despite the potential benefits accruing from use of the rural landscape, access to farmland is a contentious issue with many landowners restricting public access. Within this context, this paper first explores general public preferences and willingness to pay for farmland walking trails in the Irish countryside. Second this paper examines farmers’ willingness to participate in a hypothetical walking scheme whereby the general public will be allowed access to specific trails. Results suggest that individuals are not a homogeneous group with regard to their preferences for farmland walking trails. From a supply perspective, this paper identified significant regional variations in farmers’ attitudes relating to public access. More generally, the analysis presented here would suggest that there is significant scope for policy intervention to improve public access to the countryside.     

农地发展权的设定及其在中国农地保护中的运用——基于现行土地产权体系的制度创新

研究目的：基于现行土地产权体系和农地保护政策体系,分析农地发展权的内涵、归属,确定农地发展权的设定方案并探讨其在农地保护中的应用。研究方法：理论分析法与实证分析法。研究结论：当前,在中国引入农地发展权解决土地利用问题的呼声越来越高,在中国土地产权体系现状下农地发展权设定方案的提出及其运用,说明了农地发展权可以作为国家对土地管理进行宏观调控的一个弹性手段,将在土地征用、土地储备、土地规划等土地政策的实施中发挥重要的作用。