我国商业银行逆周期资本缓冲模型改进

二十国集团2009年发布《加强监管和提高透明度》的最终报告（G20 2009）,在对国际金融体系改革提出的25项建议中．有6条建议是关于加强宏观审慎监管和缓解金融体系顺周期问题。本文尝试改进巴塞尔逆周期监管框架中“与信贷超额增长挂钩的逆周期资本缓冲”计提模型,使其在我国实施时能够实现繁荣时累积、萧条时释放的逆周期资本监管理念。     

商业银行逆周期资本缓冲机制的构建

本文使用中国银行业2004~2013年季度数据验证信贷/GDP指标是否能运用于中国银行业计提逆周期资本缓冲。结果表明,构建逆周期资本缓冲机制的指标信贷/GDP比值在样本期内的波动与中国银行业信贷波动情况基本一致,该指标可以充分反映此期间信贷波动的实际情况。信贷/GDP与其长期趋势偏离度(GAP)是预测中国银行业危机的有效指标。建立多元化逆周期资本监管机制,必须缓解最低资本要求的顺周期性,构建前瞻性的损失准备金计提制度,实行配套的宏观经济政策,即监管部门的逆周期政策与货币政策相互协调。     

巴塞尔协议Ⅲ逆周期缓冲资本工具的应用前景与挑战

美国次贷危机引发的全球金融危机暴露了银行业信贷的过快增长及金融体系的顺周期性。为了防止银行业信贷过快增长导致系统性风险的累积,从监管上克服金融体系的顺周期性,《巴塞尔资本协议Ⅲ》提出了逆周期缓冲资本工具,本文通过对这一工具的介绍,分析了逆周期缓冲资本工具的应用前景与挑战。     

商业银行逆周期缓冲资本释放时机研究

把握逆周期缓冲资本释放的正确时机是逆周期监管有效实施的关键之一。本文在分析金融危机与信贷关系的基础上,将多重分形消除趋势波动分析方法运用于分析信贷趋势并确定缓冲资本释放的时机;同时,运用美国1952—2013年的信贷数据进行了实证分析。研究结果表明:信贷增长率的Hurst指数可以有效指示信贷由扩张转为紧缩的时点;将名义总信贷增长率和名义银行信贷增长率的Hurst指数相结合,根据所指示的信贷反转点释放逆周期缓冲资本,能及时减少危机对银行业造成的损失。     

逆周期资本缓冲机制在中国金融体系应用的实证研究

本文选取1993年第一季度至2011年第二季度中国经济金融数据对逆周期资本缓冲机制进行了实证研究,发现逆周期资本缓冲机制在中国具有适用性和可行性。实证结果和信贷数据分析还揭示当前我国已出现信贷过速扩张,期限错配和货币错配风险凸显,外币信贷风险突出,这要求监管机构在后金融危机时期强化人民币信贷管控的同时更要重视外汇信贷监控。     

巴塞尔逆周期资本缓冲机制在中国的适用性研究

巴塞尔协议将资本和风险相关联,使得资本监管政策具有了内禀的顺周期性。为解决这一问题,巴塞尔协议Ⅲ引入逆周期资本缓冲机制,在经济上行时期积累逆周期资本,下行时期释放逆周期资本以吸收损失。逆周期资本缓冲机制的核心,是将信贷/GDP指标转换为逆周期资本计提比例。对此,巴塞尔委员会制定了规范的操作指引供各国监管当局参考。本文在分析逆周期资本缓冲机制的基础上,对其在我国的适用性进行了实证研究。结果表明,信贷/GDP指标能够较好地反映银行业系统风险的累积程度和经济的周期性波动,在我国有较好的适用性。     

英国实施逆周期资本缓冲的实践及经验借鉴

《巴塞尔协议Ⅲ》实施以来,逆周期资本缓冲(CCyB)作为一项宏观审慎政策工具,成为各国缓解金融体系顺周期性的主要手段.文章系统地梳理了英国实施CCyB监管的主要内容和政策实践,并基于宏观审慎的角度,从重视C CyB工具的使用、强化风险监测和压力测试、注重对外沟通等方面,阐述对我国逆周期资本监管的借鉴意义.     

银行业顺周期形成机理与逆周期监管工具研究

随着全球金融危机的爆发,银行业发展和监管面临严峻挑战.本文首先对金融系统顺周期性和银行逆周期监管的相关理论做了简单评述,重点分析了银行顺周期的形成机理,并在此基础上讨论了逆周期监管工具运用的基本原理、存在的缺陷以及在实际操作中面临的问题.     

商业银行资本监管的顺周期性研究

顺周期性被认为是商业银行资本监管体系中可能存在的弊端之一。本文对发达经济体代表性商业银行和中国上市商业银行的实证对比研究结果显示,发达经济体资本监管存在明显顺周期性,而中国资本监管却存在逆周期性。     

逆周期资本缓冲机制的国内外实践分析

2008年爆发了世界性金融危机,主要区域经济联盟和国际经济组织发现微观审慎监管在应对系统性风险方面存在不足。为避免金融危机重演,以防范和化解系统性风险为主要目标的宏观审慎监管,将成为未来金融监管改革的重要内容。巴塞尔委员会推出了一揽子宏观审慎的监管工具,其中逆周期资本缓冲是一项重要手段,旨在平滑经济周期对银行的影响,实现金融稳定目标。本文主要介绍逆周期资本缓冲的概念方法和国内外实践情况,为国内应用这一工具提供参考,并提出相关政策建议。     

巴塞尔委员会逆周期资本框架在我国银行业的实证分析

2010年12月16日,巴塞尔委员会公布了《第三版巴塞尔协议》和《各国监管当局实施逆周期资本缓冲指引》,要求各国监管当局参照制定逆周期资本缓冲政策框架,并视需要要求银行计提逆周期资本缓冲。本文采用我国银行业的数据,对该资本缓冲政策框架进行了实证分析,并就我国实施逆周期资本缓冲政策提出了政策建议。     

我国跨境资金流动的顺周期性、预警指标和逆周期管理

本文从银行外汇资产负债变动、资本和金融项目流动、跨境收付结售汇意愿三个维度验证了我国跨境资金流动存在顺周期性;运用KLR模型方法建立了我国跨境资金流动的监测预警月度指标体系,并采用景气指数方法对KLR方法建立的监测预警体系的有效性进行了验证;结合我国跨境资金流动的顺周期性以及监测预警结果,提出了针对银行和外汇市场实施逆周期管理的政策建议。     

我国商业银行逆周期资本监管的锚定指标选取

本文依据巴塞尔委员会提出的逆周期资本监管思想,以各类信贷指标为基础,通过绘制ROC曲线并计算AUC值,选取适合我国的具体锚定指标。本文认为,好的锚定指标需要满足及时性、稳定性、可解释性以及可获取性等标准。研究结果表明:房地产价格趋势缺口、房地产贷款趋势缺口、个人住房抵押贷款趋势缺口以及消费贷款趋势缺口等指标符合锚定指标的标准,可作为逆周期资本监管锚定指标使用,并且组合锚定指标的预警能力和稳定性优于单个锚定指标。本文从落实锚定指标和提高挂钩变量预警效果的角度,提出了更为精细的信贷类别指标,为推动我国逆周期资本计提及监管实施提供了决策参考。     

商业银行资本工具创新及定价研究

资本工具的创新可以拓展银行资本补充渠道和空间,提升银行补充资本的能力,强化银行业的资本约束,增强风险管理水平,推动商业银行业务转型,增强服务实体经济的能力.本文在阐述我国资本工具的应用及创新背景的基础上,通过建立二叉树模型,探讨了我国新型资本工具定价问题并提出相关建议.     

Calibrating the Magnitude of the Countercyclical Capital Buffer Using Market-Based Stress Tests

This paper proposes a novel methodology to calibrate the magnitude of the countercyclical capital buffer (CCyB) using market-based stress tests. The macroprudential authority in our paper aims to contain the possibility of a breach of a minimum capital ratio in the event of a severe system-wide shock within a certain permissible failure probability. We apply the methodology by stress-testing major banks in six advanced economies on a quarterly basis over a period of 27 years. The estimates suggest that the cap on the CCyB should not be less than around 1.7% of total assets. Its potential normal-times level is estimated at approximately 0.8% of total assets.     

Why is credit-to-GDP a good measure for setting countercyclical capital buffers?

We examine banks’ loan losses in Europe in 1982–2012 using a nonlinear three-factor model that takes into account output growth, real interest rate, and the ratio of private credit to GDP relative to its trend (i.e., “excessive indebtedness”). We find that a drop in output has an intensified impact on loan losses if the private sector is excessively indebted. Because increased bank credit risk should be matched with higher bank capital, the result motivates the Basel III's countercyclical capital buffers as a function of private indebtedness relative to its trend. The result also helps to explain differences in the amount of loan losses in different recessions across time and across countries. The model also indicates that low interest rates during the recent recession have clearly mitigated loan losses.     

资本缓冲与银行风险变动：周期性及多元化的视角

利用上市银行2002-2013年的季度数据,考察资本缓冲调整、宏观经济波动与资产价值变动之间的内在联系.研究发现:上市银行资本缓冲的顺周期性并不显著,但是其风险变动却对宏观经济的波动极为敏感;同时,资本缓冲的调整与上市银行的风险变动具有相关性,在宏观经济变动时,银行会因自身表内资产组合风险的变化而连续调整其资本缓冲.此外,上市银行表内资产的多元化程度较低,收入变动与风险波动的相关性较显著,所以,收入多元化依然是银行减少风险,提高市场竞争力的驱动因素之一.     

Potential Competitive Effects of Basel II on Banks in SME Credit Markets in the United States

We examine the likely competitive effects of implementation of Basel II capital requirements on banks in the market for credit to SMEs in the U.S. Similar competitive effects from Basel II may occur for other credits and financial instruments in the U.S. and other nations. We address whether reduced risk weights for SME credits extended by large banking organizations that adopt the Advanced Internal Ratings-Based (A-IRB) approach of Basel II might significantly adversely affect the competitive positions of other organizations. The analyses suggest only relatively minor competitive effects on most community banks because the large A-IRB adopters tend to make very different types of SME loans to different types of borrowers than community banks. However, there may be significant adverse effects on the competitive positions of large non-A-IRB banking organizations because the data do not suggest any strong segmentation in SME credit markets among large organizations. JEL classification: G21, G28, G38, L51     

Capital and liquidity ratios and financial distress. Evidence from the European banking industry

Using a large bank-level dataset, we test the relevance of both structural liquidity and capital ratios, as defined in Basel III, on banks' probability of failure. To include all relevant episodes of bank failure and distress (F&D) occurring in the EU-28 member states over the past decade, we develop a broad indicator that includes information not only on bankruptcies, liquidations, under receivership and dissolved banks, but also accounts for state interventions, mergers in distress and EBA stress test results. Estimates from several versions of the logistic probability model indicate that the likelihood of failure and distress decreases with increased liquidity holdings, while capital ratios are significant only for large banks. Our results provide support for Basel III's initiatives on structural liquidity and for the increased regulatory focus on large and systemically important banks.     

Effects of the New Basel Capital Accord on Bank Capital Requirements for SMEs

Using data from three countries (US, Italy and Australia) and surveying related studies from several other countries in Europe, we investigate the effects of the New Basel Capital Accord on bank capital requirements for small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). We find that, for all the countries, banks will have significant benefits, in terms of lower capital requirements, when considering small and medium sized firms as retail customers. But they will be obliged to use the Advanced IRB approach and to manage them on a pooled basis. For SMEs as corporate, however, capital requirements will be slightly greater than under the existing Basel I Capital Accord. We believe that most eligible banks will use a blended approach (considering some SMEs as retail and some as corporate). Through a breakeven analysis, we find that for all of our countries, banking organizations will be obliged to classify as retail at least 20% of their SME portfolio in order to maintain the current capital requirement (8%). JEL classification: G21, G28