Artificial intelligence and content analysis

Content analysis is a very tedious method of data collection. This paper addresses once more the question of whether and how computers may be used to facilitate content analysis in the coding stage. To interpret natural language automatically a computer program must be able to unravel the syntactical structure of sentences (‘parsing’) and to trace their semantical meaning by dealing with textual context (= ‘co-text’), prior knowledge (context outside the text) and semantic variability (different or ambiguous meanings of words and phrases). Several approaches to enable computer programs to perform these tasks are discussed, including approaches from the fields of cognitive psychology and artificial intelligence. The conclusion should be that it is still impossible to enable computer programs to perform all these tasks. But there are possibilities for using computer programs to support human coders both in the coding stage and the data-analysis stage of content analysis. As an example the program CETA to perform Computer-aided Evaluative Textual Analysis is discussed.     

Contextual content analysis

This article suggests one way to systematically code textual data for research. The approach utilizes computer content analysis to examine patterns of emphasized ideas in text as well as the social context or underlying perspective reflected in the text. A conceptual dictionary is used to organize word meanings. An extensive profile of word meanings is used to characterize and discriminate social contexts. Social contexts are analyzed in relation to four reference dimensions (traditional, practical, emotional and analytic) which are used in the social science literature. The approach is illustrated with five widely varying texts, analyzed with selected comparative data. This approach has been useful in many social science investigations to system-atically score open-ended textual information. Scores can be incorporated into quantitative analysis with other data, used as a guide to qualitative studies, and to help integrate strengths of quantitative and qualitative approaches to research.     

Computer-assisted content analysis of newspapers

Content analysis as a methodology of data collection from text sources is very labor intensive and therefore costly. Advances in computer-assisted content analysis have greatly increased the power of the methodology. But, even in a computer environment, complex searches require extensive prior manipulation of the original text in order to assign to it a basic structure. It is this structure that allows researchers to perform complex queries in highly general ways. I argue that Semantics provides powerful templates for structuring text data (text grammars) and other conceptual tools that can be profitably used to increase the efficiency of content analysis projects (e.g. news schema and macro propositions). More generally, I argue that efficiency in content analysis projects depends upon such characteristics as (1) organization of the coding task; (2) newspaper reporting practices. The discussion of these characteristics results in several suggestions on how to increase the efficiency of the methodology.     

上海国际物流业发展的优势及劣势分析

世界经济的发展,带来了国际物流发展的机遇和挑战。上海作为我国经济中心,想要朝着国际经济、金融、贸易和航运中心发展,必须加快发展国际物流业。文中从上海经济和外贸发展的宏观环境着手,阐述了上海发展国际物流的重要性和必要性。并结合上海历年商贸和物流发展的数据,分析了上海发展国际物流的优势与劣势。指出在现阶段的经济发展趋势下,应当从加强物流平台整合、构筑物流信息平台、加快物流标准制定和人才培养等方面推进上海市国际物流业发展和融合的基本思路。     

Coloured semantic networks for content analysis

This paper adapts a widespread formalism of Knowledge Representation known in the AI literature as J. Sowa'sConceptual Graphs to the purposes of Content Analysis. It is proposed that instead of nested contexts, negation and modalities could be represented by colouring the links and the nodes of the graphs. This colour-based representation of logic enables the replacement of Sowa's game-theoretical semantics by a matching algorithm. It is also claimed that the resulting local application of negation and modalities is close to the behaviour of negation and adverbs in natural language. Above all, the use of colours restores a unique level in semantic networks. These flat semantic networks are appealing to social scientists because they avoid information redundancy and improve connectivity in the network. Two methods of textual analysis that can take direct benefit from semantic networks (semantic paths distributions and texts clustering) are presented. However, flat semantic networks that remain semantically correct are perhaps even more interesting because they may bridge standard networks with connectionnist networks. In such a perspective, Coloured Conceptual Graphs represent an intermediate but promising step.     

中国茶叶国际竞争力分析

茶叶是我国传统的出口产品,自20世纪90年代以来,中国茶叶的国际竞争力不断下降。文章运用FAO的统计资料,选择国际市场占有率、显示性比较优势、单产评价等指标,分析了中国、印度、斯里兰卡、肯尼亚和印度尼西亚茶叶的国际竞争力变化,找出影响中国茶叶国际竞争力的主要因素,从而提出提升中国茶叶竞争力的对策。     

Expatriate compensation and its link to the subsidiary strategic role: a theoretical analysis

This paper focuses on the strategic design of expatriates' salaries. Unlike standard expatriation literature that assumes a lack of connection between strategy and international managers' compensation, we use the theoretical concepts from the international strategic management research to discuss how different international strategies affect the way expatriates are compensated. In this respect, the paper proposes a series of hypotheses on how expatriate compensation systems take shape according to the role that the expatriates may play in the internationalization process. The hypotheses refer to the type of incentives offered to encourage acceptance of the assignment, the type of criteria used to evaluate their performance and the reference unit used to establish variable compensation.     

国际大都市服务业结构与功能特征

在信息技术革命及全球经济服务化的背景下,国际大都市服务业快速发展,服务业内部结构变化及特征出现了新的特点.在分析国际大都市1990-2000年间服务业就业结构变化的基础上,总结出不同层次国际大都市服务业的结构特征;结合国内外相关研究,概括了国际大都市的主要功能特征及未来的发展趋势.     

Dynamic stochastic analysis of the farm subsidy-efficiency link: evidence from France

The existing literature on the subsidy-efficiency nexus is almost exclusively based on static modelling and thus ignores the inter-temporal nature of production decisions. The present paper contributes to this literature by developing a dynamic stochastic frontier model, which is then estimated using a sample of French farms over the period 1992–2011. For comparison purposes, the static counterpart of the dynamic model is also estimated. The results indicate that, in the dynamic case as well as in the static one, public subsidies are negatively associated with farm technical efficiency. Nevertheless, these linkages are found to be weak, and they are much weaker when dynamic aspects are taken into account.     

价值链会计的计量及主要内容探析

本文对价值链管理进行了探索,认为价值链会计的核心是增值链,然后在此基础上,提出了价值链会计的计量和主要内容。     

Integrated analysis of content and construct validity of psychometric instruments

Establishing adequacy of psychometric properties of an instrument involves acquisition and evaluation of evidence based on item content and internal structure. Content validity evidence consists of subject matter experts providing quantitative ratings of the extent to which items are a representative sample of targeted domain. Evidence of internal structure includes factor analytic studies and examination of item interrelationships based on item responses from participants. Although subject matter expert ratings and participant response data are traditionally analyzed separately, each serves to inform the other in important ways. We propose integrating subject matter experts’ and participants’ data seamlessly to establish a unified model of validity evidence. The approach is applied to an instrument designed to measure nursing home culture change (i.e., resident-centered care). The proposed method has been demonstrated to be useful with a posterior distribution resulting in stable estimates of psychometric parameters superior to traditional analytic approaches. To illustrate the efficacy of the methodology, we present a simulation study and discuss its place in psychometric methods.     

Structural analysis of international trade: Environmental impacts of Norway

Final demand purchases initiate production processes that ultimately lead to environmental impacts. With the increase in international trade, many production processes occur outside of the country of final consumption. Whilst several studies have evaluated the pollution embodied in consumption and trade flows, few studies have investigated the structural linkages between domestic consumption and production in foreign regions. In this article we apply three complementary approaches to study the production network leading from the Norwegian economy to domestic and international environmental impacts: (1) the consumption perspective identifies final demand purchases that produce environmental impacts; (2) the production perspective identifies the production processes generating the pollution for a given demand; and (3) structural path analysis is used to provide the linkages between the global production networks linking consumption and production. We find that the three approaches provide different, but complementary information. For policy to focus on both sustainable consumption and production, all three approaches are required to fully identify environmentally important sectors in an economy.     

城市社区养老服务的特点与作用

通过对城市社区养老服务概念的界定,论述了城市社区养老服务的体系,分析了城市社区养老服务的特点、作用,提出了完善社区养老服务的对策。     

国际货运代理企业法律地位与责任的分析

随着物流经济的快速发展,国际货运代理业务的服务范围不断拓宽,其身份由最初的收发货人代理发展到目前的第三方物流供应商。由于身份的转变,其法律责任也发生了变化。本文就国际货运代理企业在转型中的法律地位与责任问题进行了分析研究。     

比率税制下的乘数:理论推导和探讨

目前国内权威版本的《宏观经济学》教材,对三部门经济中比率税制的各种乘数的推导和论述存在相互矛盾的结果。本文基于宏观经济学的基本原理,运用数学模型推导了三部门经济中比率税的各种乘数,得出真正的平衡预算乘数恒等于1的结论。     

我国石油天然气会计准则的国际协调度测量

本文以我国石油天然气会计准则和国际采掘业会计准则为研究对象,采用判定分析法和平均距离法测量我国石油天然气会计准则的国际协调度.测量结果表明,我国石油天然气会计准则与国际采掘业会计准则仍存在一定差异,且勘探与评价项目的协调度高于矿区权益处理项目的协调度.     

文本中的会计变量及属性分析

会计文本是会计变量的集成,研究文本中的会计变量特性及其属性有助于对会计变量的设置及属性的说明。探讨会计变量及其属性,以说明不同会计变量及其属性特征描述的合理性,反映不同变量的信息含量。