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1.
    
While total undergraduate enrolments at Australian universities are increasing, enrolments in Economics are falling—a source of alarm for economists. By appealing to females, economics could effectively tap into the largest sector (58%) of the undergraduate student population. This study suggests that gender is contributing to the falling enrolments. Males need the prospect of money to entice them to study more economics but females require a connection between studying economics and employment opportunities. Providing visible role models may be a practical step to encouraging more females to read economics. More concentration on ‘feminising economics’ in the undergraduate curricula could help women to believe that they have a contribution to make to the discipline.  相似文献   

2.
    
In this paper we put forward a model that explains a firm's employment growth with the degree of technological efficiency and labour costs. To measure efficiency, we use a non-parametric linear programming method. DEA. The results of empirical analysis of 450 firms in 12 manufacturing sectors confirm that innovative firms experience stronger employment growth. Because the demand growth effect of technological leadership outweighs the factor saving effect, firms which m technological leaders are in most cases the creators of jobs. Technologically backward firms, on the other hand, have few options to compensate their demand loss probably caused by deteriorating competitiveness. Consequently, their employment growth is relatively weak. The employment growth additionally depends on the type of factor combination, i.e. the technological trajectory chosen by an individual firm. The trajectory's effects vary significantly across industries. The effect of labour costs is generally negative. However, technologically leading industries are. less sensitive to increases in labour costs than nature industries.  相似文献   

3.
技术进步就业效应新解   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
技术进步对就业总量的影响既有负的冲击效应,又有正的补偿效应,二者在各个行业的不同时期表现出的强势不同,从而使得技术进步对就业影响的总效应存在差异.本文利用1999-2009年我国大中型工业企业的统计数据,基于随机前沿的分析方法设计了一种新的算法来分解技术进步就业总效应,可以发现我国大中型工业企业技术进步就业创造效应带来的就业增加,可以补偿就业冲击效应带来的就业损失,因此,就业前景还是较为乐观的.  相似文献   

4.
试论加入WTO对中国就业结构的影响   总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9  
在分析就业弹性变化的基础上,本文考察了入世对就业的影响,总体上来看,WTO对就业的影响在方向上和目前就业的发展和变化趋势一致,这就决定了入世对就业不会造成净负面影响,但分三次产业来看,入世对就业的影响是不同的,农业是受入世影响和冲击最严重的行业,但农业因此而损失的就业机会中相当于目前农村剩余劳动力数量的极小一部分,约占0.7-1%左右,入世对农业的影响和冲击主要体现在收入而不是就业上;入世对工业就业的影响有正有负,这要依具体工业待业特点而定,但增减相抵,入世对工业就业仍然具有增加效应;最后,入世将大大促进就业机会的增加,第三产业就业是中国入世最大的收益者。  相似文献   

5.
人们的传统观念一般认为科学技术的进步会减少就业机会。而科学技术又是第一生产力,是推动人类文明进步的革命力量。因此要全面贯彻落实科学发展观,建立和谐社会,如何解决科技进步与创新和就业之间的矛盾就显得愈加重要。本文在分析科技进步与创新和就业的相关性的基础上,提出了利用科技进步与创新促进就业的对策。  相似文献   

6.
Amartya Sen's Development as Freedom argues that the ability to make choices is fundamental to economic development, and that the evaluation of outcomes can provide misleading answers. He uses the example of the high material consumption of US slaves relative to some free whites to illustrate this contrast. This paper discusses some of the implications of such comparisons and the problem of evaluating what might be regarded as favorable outcomes which come from unfavorable institutions (e.g., slavery). It appears that all good things do not necessarily go together. The past relation of enslavement to the need for subsistence is discussed. Differences in gender roles under slavery and after emancipation are also examined.  相似文献   

7.
There is a wide literature on the dynamic adjustment of employment and its relationship with the business cycle. In this paper we present a statistical model that offers a congruent representation of part of the UK labour market since the mid 1960s. We use a cointegrated vector autoregressive Markov-switching model in which some parameters change according to the phase of the business cycle. Output, employment, labour supply and real earnings are found to have a common cyclical component. The long run dynamics are characterized by one cointegrating vector relating unemployment to trend-adjusted real wages and output. Despite there having been many changes affecting this sector of the UK economy, the Markov-switching vector-equilibrium-correction model with three regimes (representing recession, normal growth, and high growth) provides a good characterization of the sample data, and performs well relative to alternative linear and non-linear models. The results of an impulse-response analysis highlight the dangers of using VARs when the constancy of the estimated coefficients has not been established, and demonstrate the advantages of generating regime dependent responses. First Version Received: December 2000/Final Version Received: August 2001  相似文献   

8.
Does part-time work support first-time mothers’ employment by providing a stepping-stone into full-time work in Germany? Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel from 1984–2012, this study compares three different age cohorts of first-time East and West German mothers to investigate whether there has been any convergence between East and West Germany in the way women use part-time employment. Results show that mothers in West Germany in all cohorts tended to remain in part-time employment for longer periods than those in East Germany. Part-time employment more often provided a stepping-stone into full-time employment in East Germany than in West Germany. East German women who gave birth after reunification were less likely than older cohorts to experience a transition from part-time to full-time work. Thus, part-time employment not followed by subsequent full-time work has become more common in the East.  相似文献   

9.
就业保护法规可以保护劳动者就业权益,避免发展中国家在经济发展过程中拉大贫富差距,延缓经济发展速度。但是过于严格的就业保护法规会导致人力资源市场僵化,对经济产生不利的影响。寻找人力资源市场安全性与灵活性的平衡点是发展中国家在就业保护立法过程中的难点,也是理论界研究的热点。文章对国外学术界关于发展中国家就业保护法规的研究进行了详细梳理,从其发展脉络、研究方法、研究思路等方面进行了评述。在此基础上,文章对发展中国家就业保护法规未来的研究重点进行了展望,并指出我国有必要借鉴发展中国家就业保护法规研究的经验,使其在我国人力资源市场的发展中发挥积极作用。  相似文献   

10.
在我国传统计划经济时期的安置就业退出历史舞台以后,灵活就业逐渐成为我国社会实现充分就业的主要渠道。与此相适应,就是灵活就业也给我们带来了多样化的雇佣关系。本文在两年多的专题调查研究基础上,分析了我国灵活就业劳动雇佣关系的现状特点,对灵活就业群体及其雇主做了分类,对雇佣关系引发的冲突问题作了归纳分析,对不同类型的灵活就业的雇佣关系提出了规范化管理的思路和对策建议。  相似文献   

11.
兼业背景下贫困地区农户资源配置的特征与效率分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
农户行为具有多重目标。在基本需要得到满足的情况下,追求收入最大化成为农户经营的主要目标。对贫困地区农户进行实证分析的结果表明,由于不能够从小规模的农业生产中获取足够多的收入来改善自身的生活条件,贫困地区农户从事非农生产活动的现象非常普遍,非农活动进而影响了农户在农业生产领域中的资源配置。随着非农就业机会的增多和非农收入比例的提高,样本农户专业化生产没有得到发展,农业生产投入的积极性并没有随之提高,农产品商品率并没有得到相应的提升。因此,在目前资源和制度条件下,非农化过程很难有效提升贫困地区农业部门的效率。  相似文献   

12.
关于中国经济发展与非正规就业的现状研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
王莹 《时代经贸》2006,4(10):33-37
本文回顾了国内外对非正规就业的理论研究,通过宏观上对非正规就业与经济发展程度在国际国内差异的比较,认为我国非正规就业与现今的经济发展阶段相适应,在就业数量和比例方面具有较大就业岗位创造的潜力,并且,与国际普遍认知不同,中国非正规就业与正规就业之间存在替代而非互补的关系,同时指出非正规就业重要性和其就业现状的不匹配,将在未来对经济发展产生瓶颈式的制约,并提出相应的微观和宏观建议,以促进我国的经济长远发展和社会稳定。  相似文献   

13.
金融危机后的对外经贸、劳动就业与政策抉择   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
目前,金融危机对我国社会经济各方面的影响逐渐显现。金融危机主要是通过外贸渠道传播其负面效应的。由于金融危机的影响,我国进出口贸易、外商投资和对外经济合作的增长速度都出现了不同程度的下降,导致相关领域的就业数量及其结构发生了很大变化,加剧了我国就业的严峻形势。因此,积极采取应对措施是十分必要的。  相似文献   

14.
    
ABSTRACT

This study examines the role of work-limiting health conditions on employed people’s earnings, employment status, and working hours, and distinguishes between the different degree and severity of predictable shocks. Using data from the 2004 Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), we evaluate the impact of any work-limiting health condition as well as a subset of health conditions that appear to arrive largely exogenously on post-onset earnings, employment, and working hours. We find that people who report being employed and later experience the onset of any work-limiting health condition tend to have lower subsequent earnings, a reduced probability of being employed, and fewer working hours per month compared to those who remain healthy. The adverse impact is even greater for people with health conditions that arrive less predictably. We use a difference-in-differences regression model with person and year fixed effects as the primary estimation method.  相似文献   

15.
    
Regional economies historically reliant on large‐scale manufacturing are particularly susceptible to episodes of mass employee redundancies. This was evident in the case of the Illawarra region in 2011 following the announcement of BlueScope Steel to close one of its two remaining blast furnaces. In common with recent closures of large manufacturers in regional Australia, the Federal Government reacted with policies to help redundant workers obtain reemployment as well as investment attraction strategies to create employment in the region. The research presented here uses a longitudinal and mixed methods approach to analyse the effectiveness of these policies. We uncovered a number of deficiencies in the implementation and evaluation of these policies and offer a number of recommendations with respect to programme flexibility, stakeholder representation and government transparency.  相似文献   

16.
在我国社会转型、体制转轨的背景下,由于社会保障制度的建立与改革滞后,弱势就业群体的范围和数量不断扩大,他们与其他群体之间的差距加大,其社会心理动荡强烈,日益被边缘化。因此,研究弱势就业群体的就业与再就业问题具有十分重要的现实意义。  相似文献   

17.
基于2009届大学毕业生抽样数据,本文利用Probit模型分析人力资本特征和社会资本特征对大学毕业生求职渠道选择的影响,我们用学习成绩和取得的等级资格证书作为衡量人力资本的指标,结果发现:人力资本越高,选择校内招聘会和老师作为求职渠道的可能性越大;人力资本越低,选择家人或亲朋作为求职渠道的可能性越大;反映人力资本特征的不同变量对学校就业指导中心、社会招聘会、网络和社会实践这四种求职渠道的选择的影响不尽相同.我们用亲戚数量、朋友数量和熟人数量三个指标来反映大学生拥有的社会资本状况,研究发现:亲戚越多,越可能选择家人或亲朋这一求职渠道;朋友越多,选择社会招聘会的概率越大;熟人数量对选择社会招聘会、学校就业指导中心和社会实践这三种求职方式均有显著的正向影响.  相似文献   

18.
湖北经济在实现高速增长的同时,也出现了就业弹性系数下降和就业矛盾突出的问题.本文的分析表明,湖北的就业增长呈现出明显的结构性约束.解决日益突出的就业问题,应遵从工业化发展的一般规律,调整优化产业结构,带动就业结构的转换.通过加快农业剩余劳动力转移、加快城市化进程、提高居民收入和消费水平以及调整投资政策等措施,逐步矫正偏离度过大的就业结构,实现经济与就业增长的均衡发展,提高全社会的整体就业福利水平.  相似文献   

19.
高等教育大众化以来,大学生就业出现了就业环境、就业观念、就业心理以及职业前景等困境。高校招生人数的急剧增加与市场刚性需求之间的强烈对比,以及各产业之间发展不平衡,就业市场结构性矛盾突出带来的岗位相对不足;价值多元的发展格局,市场经济快速发展引发的伦理道德领域的问题,使大学生在就业的理想与现实之间产生了巨大的矛盾,陷入职业规划困境。一直以来高等教育管理上受行政干预较多,专业设置、课程设置等方面与市场信息不对称,人才培养规格与市场发展要求不配套,学校和家庭教育引导不到位,学生就业能力不足等是造成大学生就业困境的主要原因。当前,全面贯彻落实科学发展理念,增加就业岗位的刚性需求,缓解结构性矛盾,加快高等教育体制改革,增进教育主体的价值目标共识,加强大学生就业能力建设和成长动力教育是逐步走出困境的基本路径。  相似文献   

20.
我国现行劳动统计的问题   总被引:13,自引:1,他引:13  
岳希明 《经济研究》2005,40(3):46-56
目前我国有两种劳动统计。一种是以人口普查为主体的劳动统计 ,另外一种是由城镇单位劳动统计、工商行政管理局对私营企业和个体工商户的行政登记、以及乡村就业人员统计三者组成的“三合一”劳动统计。两种劳动统计在就业人员总数、就业人员的行业构成以及它们的时间变化等方面均存在着较大的分歧。本文通过讨论两种劳动统计在统计方法上的差异来揭示它们在统计结果上出现差异的原因 ,目的是对在经济分析中正确使用劳动统计提供帮助。  相似文献   

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