三聚氰胺成品浊度超标原因分析

三聚氰胺浊度超标是三聚氰胺生产中最易出现的产品质量问题,详细分析了三聚氰胺浊度超标的原因,采取措施优化操作,避免这一现象的发生.     

Particle swarm optimization for optimal product line design

Designing optimal products is one of the most critical activities for a firm to stay competitive. Except for genetic algorithms, previous approaches that solve the optimal product line design problem provide the decision maker with a single best solution. Furthermore, they assume a static market, in which the incumbent firms will not respond to the entrance of a new player. In this paper we apply a new population-based algorithm called particle swarm optimization to the problem and employ a Monte Carlo simulation to compare its performance to that of genetic algorithms. The results indicate that the proposed particle swarm optimization algorithm constitutes an attractive alternative for solving the optimal product line design problem because its performance is comparable to that of genetic algorithms concerning the best solution found while it outperforms genetic algorithms regarding the diversity of the final set of provided solutions. Furthermore, we use concepts from game theory to illustrate how the algorithm can be extended to incorporate retaliatory actions from competitors. The dynamic approach is illustrated through a real-world case in which a firm intends to enter the Greek retail milk market. While employing highly simplifying assumptions, the incorporation of the Nash equilibrium concept provides useful insights, such as the attribute levels that may be resistant to competitive reactions and the incumbent firms that will benefit most in the long term.     

Enhancing marketing with engineering: Optimal product line design for heterogeneous markets

Successful product line design and development often require a balance of technical and market tradeoffs. Quantitative methods for optimizing product attribute levels using preference elicitation (e.g., conjoint) data are useful for many product types. However, products with substantial engineering content involve critical tradeoffs in the ability to achieve those desired attribute levels. Technical tradeoffs in product design must be made with an eye toward market consequences, particularly when heterogeneous market preferences make differentiation and strategic positioning critical to capturing a range of market segments and avoiding cannibalization.We present a unified methodology for product line optimization that coordinates positioning and design models to achieve realizable firm-level optima. The approach overcomes several shortcomings of prior product line optimization models by incorporating a general Bayesian account of consumer preference heterogeneity, managing attributes over a continuous domain to alleviate issues of combinatorial complexity, and avoiding solutions that are impossible to realize. The method is demonstrated for a line of dial-readout scales, using physical models and conjoint-based consumer choice data. The results show that the optimal number of products in the line is not necessarily equal to the number of market segments, that an optimal single product for a heterogeneous market differs from that for a homogeneous one, and that the representational form for consumer heterogeneity has a substantial impact on the design and profitability of the resulting optimal product line — even for the design of a single product. The method is managerially valuable because it yields product line solutions efficiently, accounting for marketing-based preference heterogeneity as well as engineering-based constraints with which product attributes can be realized.     

国内城市成为跨国采购中心的条件

面对经济全球化和中国加入世界贸易组织,国内主要城市利用这一机遇,竞相吸引跨国公司全球或地区采购中心入驻,希望以此带动城市以及区域经济发展。由于现代信息技术以及供应链管理理念的应用,跨国公司采购业务发生了很大的变化,从而对采购中心的区位选择也提出了新的要求。跨国采购有四个基本要素(4F),即价值流、服务流、信息流和资金流,通过探讨满足这四个要求的各方面条件以及其他辅助条件,以期能为力争成为跨国采购中心的国内主要城市提供努力的方向。     

企业如何降低进口购汇成本

<正>自2005年7月人民币汇率形成机制改革以及2006年国家外管局调整外汇经常项目管理政策后,企业有了更多降低购汇成本,减少付汇支出的机会与选     

The Potential for Cross-Functional Contributions to B2B E-Commerce Marketing Initiatives: E-Commerce and Purchasing Professionals

ABSTRACT

While there is a great deal of information in the literature linking purchasing personnel with both supply side and distribution side transactions, there is little evidence of their involvement in setting the design and strategic objectives of their own company's e-commerce activities. Yet, these professionals have much to offer marketing personnel who may be charged with developing e-commerce strategy and Websites. This paper suggests a proactive approach that supports the benefits of such cross-disciplinary collaboration between marketing and purchasing professionals within a firm.     

The need for international policy coordination: what's old, what's new, what's yet to come?

The first generation of policy coordination models was introduced some 25 years ago; it provided a rationale for policy coordination, but the gains from coordination were generally thought to be small. Now, a new generation of policy coordination models is emerging, incorporating monopolistic competition and nominal inertia. Here, we examine macroeconomic interdependence and the scope for policy coordination in a tractable second generation model with two countries and multiple sectors. Initial calibration of the model suggests that second generation models may have more scope for policy coordination than did the first.     

Comment: A conceptual framework for studying the interaction of demand, supply and the market environment in product line optimization

This paper examines the work of Michalek et al. (2011) and Tsafarakis, Marinakis and Matsatsinis (2011), published in this issue of the International Journal of Research in Marketing, within a strategic framework. This framework allows a consideration of how the powerful tools that the two papers propose can be harnessed within the overall direction and activity of the firm.On reviewing these two papers, one could concentrate on the algorithms and heuristics that make the complex problem of product line optimization tractable. Such an analysis would be valuable. Instead I concentrate on the strategic environment in which the optimization decision takes place to allow a consideration of applications and extensions within a managerial context. I do that by suggesting a framework for product line decisions after a brief overview of both articles. That enables me to examine managerial issues that arise in implementing such an approach in practice, many of which are addressed in the two papers. For those issues not addressed in the papers, I propose a set of research questions which would be valuable to managers.     

Foreign investment in Russia and China: A long way to go,but reason for optimism

D. LeBaron, with D. Carpenter. 2002. Mao, Marx, and the Market: Capitalist Adventures in Russia and China. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 303 pages; ISBN: 0‐471‐15315‐X. B. Granville & P. Oppenheimer (Eds.). 2001. Russia's Post‐Communist Economy. Oxford, England: University Press. 538 pages; ISBN 0‐19‐829525‐1. H. Fung & K.H. Zhang (Eds.). 2002. Financial Markets and Foreign Direct Investment in Greater China. New York: M.E. Sharpe, Inc. 302 pages; ISBN: 0‐7656‐0804‐9.     

Correction to: Counterfactual inference for consumer choice across many product categories

Quantitative Marketing and Economics -