从唐甄的旅游观看中国文化的转型

本文从人们较少注意的旅游这种特殊的行为方式及其相应的观念意识上去探讨文化转型的具体进展。认为唐甄提出的“好游者人之恒情也”的旅游观具有自然人性论的哲学基础,是对农本社会和儒家传统伦理束缚旅游的否定,是在明清之际中国手工商业（原初工业化）发展的经济土壤上,在市民阶级兴起和大众化产生的社会关系和生活方式中,形成的一种带有近代倾向的旅游观念,具有文化转型的意义。     

比德之旅与心游之路——孔子、庄子的旅游思想比较

孔子、庄子是儒家、道家的代表人物,同时也是中国旅游思想理论的创立者.孔子游历诸侯,在漫长的旅途中形成了山水比德的旅游思想,庄子则在心游的空间里驰骋自己逍遥的心灵.他们的旅游境界各有千秋;君子三道和安贫乐道;礼乐社会和至德之世;尽善尽美和无言之美分别是孔子、庄子旅游中的人生感悟、社会关怀以及美学追求.     

旅游的"符号化"与符号化旅游 --对旅游及旅游开发的符号学审视

旅游的过程是一种符号化的过程.伴随着旅游的大众化和普遍化,旅游符号表象化的危机在悄然滋生并不断加剧.本文运用符号学理论对旅游活动和旅游开发的全过程进行了全面的审视,指出符号化旅游是解决旅游的"符号化"的一把钥匙.借用"前台"、"后台"理论,文章提出了旅游目的地的舞台化空间与文化保护性空间的旅游规划设计及旅游活动模式,为原生文化的演绎及保护提供了理论依据,找到了游客旅游体验及游客行为规范的模式.     

明朝中后期旅游文化论

明朝中后期旅游活动空前普及化、大众化,形成了全国性的旅游热潮.这种热潮的形成是与商品经济撞击下新的生活方式、思维模式、价值取向密切相关的,从而达成了一种追求旅游的“群体意识“.明朝中后期的旅游热具有重大的社会意义:它相应地促进了交通、旅舍、食店、茶馆、酒肆、戏院等行业的发展;促使旅行家们对旅游理论进行探索,丰富了中国传统的旅游文化体系;形成了影响后世旅游事业的四种审美模式,可资借鉴.     

文化产业与旅游产业

1.旅游产业的发展困境:泛商业化的开发对旅游文化资源的破坏 我国许多地区的旅游业以极其丰富的原生性文化吸引着海内外无数游客,但在刺激经济发展的同时,它表现出很多不足.例如,现有的旅游产品缺乏应有的文化信息的附载.传统的民俗活动是民族文化传承的重要载体,是民族文化进行"历史记忆"的主要形式,但是,许多民俗事象并没有获得应有的重视、研究、整理和发掘,更谈不上保护,有的地区甚至将本来很实在、很质朴的传统婚俗展示开发成低俗的"强拉硬扯当新郎,进了洞房就要钱"的民俗风情游.     

经济发达县农耕文化旅游资源的挖掘

新西兰的旅游人类学专家科林·比姆带领一队外国专家在中国贵州的巴拉河与当地政府进行一个旅游合作项目时说:发展乡村旅游最重要的是自我定位,现在许多外国人都选择来到中国实地了解中国人,如果这些游客只想看几个著名景点,他们会选择去上海、北京、西安等地.但外国游客既然选择到贵州,就是因为这里的乡村之旅可以让他们看到中国的前50年、前100年甚至前500年的景象.此话表明,农耕文化遗存对乡村旅游发展和人类文化传播的深远意义.那些被都市旅游者青睐的封闭、落后农村,由于在旅游业兴起之前缺乏经济能力改善道路交通和住房条件,较好保存了旧村落原貌等物质的农耕文化和传统耕作与习俗等非物质的农耕文化,继续着落后的古老生产方式的同时也传承了今人向往的"人与自然和谐共存"的生存方式,旅游改变了那里的经济落后,也促进了农耕文化资源的保护.     

实景主题:民族文化旅游开发的创新模式--以桂林阳朔"锦绣漓江·刘三姐歌圩"为例

"印象·刘三姐"是世界上最大的山水实景剧场,山水实景、经典文化与高科技实现了完美的结合,堪称世界级的文化旅游项目,它集漓江山水风情、广西少数民族文化及中国精英艺术家创作之大成,是全世界第一部全新概念的"山水实景主题"民族文化旅游景区,它的开发符合民族文化旅游主题开发的RMTP理论.文章梳理"印象·刘三姐"的文脉(R),并对它的市场(M)、主题(T)的选择以及旅游产品(P)之间的关系进行诠释,最后总结了"印象·刘三姐"实景主题开发的借鉴意义和对我国民族文化旅游开发的启示.     

八景文化的旅游学分析

“八景”曾是重要的地域文化景观与地方旅游资源,深受传统文化影响,具有非功利性、山水人文化与人文景观化、审美意境典型性及景观的多元融合等文化特征,并因相沿袭久而起到文化承传的作用.八景又是一种景观(景点)塑造与资源利用文化模式,具有旅游资源开发与保护、旅游宣传与指南等功能.在当今的旅游开发与建设中,八景文化不仅具有资源的意义,而且具有方法论的意义.     

何谓旅游? ——旅游人类学视角的思考

旅游作为人类的普遍行为,在今天的商业化中达到了空前的规模,却逐渐丧失了其本真.通过思考"旅游"的内涵以及当代商业化旅游业存在的问题,文章区分了人类"天性旅游"和"商业性旅游"两个基本的旅游形态,探讨了"旅游"对于人类学的意义以及旅游人类学的研究旨趣,检讨了以旅游业作为研究对象的局限所在.文章指出人类的天性文化是人类天性旅游的本质内涵,文化自由是天性旅游得以实现的基础,保证文化持有者的主体性,实现游客和东道主的"共主体"地位,是文化自由的条件.同时,商业化和市场化应该服从人类自由情性的发展,而不是让旅游成为商业化的帮凶和牺牲品.     

孔子旅游思想:研究述评与再审视

目前学术界对孔子旅游思想的研究涉及到孔子旅游活动的分类，远游观和近游观，提倡听乐观礼的文化之游和体山悟水的自然之游，反对佚游等旅游态度，以及山水比德的旅游审美观等，并认为孔子的旅游思想是功利性的。本文在评述前人成果基础上，指出研究中存在对“旅游”内涵界定不明确，对旅游行为分类不合理，论证中的牵强附会之风，以及比德观的简单化认识等问题，并对孔子“比德”的旅游审美观进行了再审视，认为对孔子的旅游观做功利与否的断定是不切实际和没有意义的。     

The consequences of forty years of tourism growth

Leisure travel has become a major lifestyle in the United States since World War II. This paper describes the social, economic, and technological changes that have been adopted by the industry and society during three eras of travel evolution. A synoptic view of the development of travel is provided by a review of five travel industry components: transportation, attractions, facilities and services, information, and the consumer. Emphasis is placed on the consequences of the adoption of major social and technological innovations that have impacted this vibrant industry and will continue to do so in the future. The paper concludes with eight observations on the present and future status of leisure travel in the United States.     

Liberation wars and tourism development in Africa : The case of Zambia

Development of Africa's immense tourism potential is severely limited for reasons including lack of capital, distance from the large North American and European markets, the cost of travel to Africa, and Africa's poor image abroad. A key factor contributing to this image problem is political instability. Since World War II, almost all African countries have achieved independence. In several countries, this decolonization process has taken the form of long and often bloody liberation wars. This paper examines the impact of Zimbabwe's protracted liberation war on tourism development in Zambia and suggests that a detailed examination of major internal and external political events associated with the decolonization process in Zimbabwe could provide important perspectives on the obstacles to tourism development in other African countries.     

Towards a geography of tourism

This paper traces the development of geographical interest in tourism during the past half century and examines the range and scope of the geography of tourism. The available literature is reviewed and suggestions are made regarding possible research aveneus and theoretical developments. Six major areas of interest are identified: spatial aspects of supply, spatial aspects of demand, the geography of resorts, patterns of movements and flows, the impact of tourism, and models of tourist space. Through an emphasis on spatial interaction an attempt is made to provide some cohesion and synthesis for this body of knowledge which constitutes the basis of the geography of tourism.     

The rediscovery of America: Elite automobile touring

The automobile has radically changed tourist habits this century. In the first decade it was enthusiastically embraced by a small, wealthy elite. In America this elite “rediscovered” the romantic northeastern scenery painted by the Hudson Valley School of artists. This process is documented both in the general elite tourist literature of the period and in a specific case study from an elite summer colony. In the second decade “mass followed class.” Cheaper automobiles allowed the middle classes to follow the elite tourists of the first decade. The elite began to lose interest in the automobile as something exclusive to them, and turned their attention to the possibilities for touring of aviation.     

Towards Strategic Intent: Perceptions of disability service provision amongst hotel accommodation managers

The tourism sector globally has become increasingly mindful of how an ageing population is reshaping service provision forms and offerings. This being particularly true of accommodation operations where there is a now a growing recognition of the commercial value for providing market groups with exceptional service. With this in mind, this study sought to ascertain the perceptions of managers in the accommodation sector towards disability service provision with a view to identifying any current service gaps or failings. An inductive, qualitative approach was used with the data collection phase incorporating a series of one on one interviews and a focus group. The in-depth interviews were conducted with 10 managers of hotels deemed to have accessible rooms that complied with the relevant building codes and standards. A focus group comprised 22 managers of hotels located in the Sydney central business district, Australia. Study findings revealed five key themes that had not been previously discussed in the literature. They were: inclusive attitudinal approach; safety; the responsibility of people with a disability to communicate their needs to the hotel; perceptions of accessible rooms by the general public; and operational processes. Related themes that emerged from the data analysis that had previously been aligned with the literature included: legislative responsibility, policy and building codes; disability as a market segment; staff awareness/training; and language, marketing, and promotion information. Implications with respect to management of accessible rooms in the accommodation sector are outlined and further areas of research are proposed.     

The failure of ‘control’ in the hospitality industry

This paper explores the relationship between the literature on the issue of control and the realities of the hospitality industry. Management control is related to the unsanctioned entrepreneurial activities of operatives (illustrated by the ‘taxi scam’), the failure of computer systems used to control operatives, and the failure of the hospitality industry to exploit the potential of the new technology. The paper suggests that management's (and a significant part of the literature in this area) failure within hospitality is linked to the perception of the role of the hospitality manager as one of policing the industry.     

A tourist space-time budget in the Shetland Islands

This paper addresses the need to better understand tourist pressure in selected regions of the Shetland Islands, United Kingdom, using measures of space, time, perception, region, and core-periphery. Normally an economic theory, core-periphery was applied in the context of this study as a locational and mental construct in examining tourism group movement (behavior). Respondents were placed into two groups on the basis of their activitybased motivations for visiting Shetland and asked to complete a daily space-time budget regarding their use of attractions, facilities, accommodation, and transportation. It was discovered that both groups differed marginally in their space-time use of the aforementioned variables within the various regions of Shetland.     

The geography of tourism: An introduction

The geography of tourism is limited by a dearth of published research in geographic journals, the relatively few individuals who actively participate in the sub-discipline, and the lack of prestige the subject matter specialty has in geography. Despite these imperfections geographers make important contributions to the study of tourism because of their unique point-of-view. This characteristic perspective is seen in the context of a conceptual frame-of-reference which consists of a matrix based on two trichotomies. An analysis and interpretation of this framework and its application to the nine substantive articles included in the special issue constitute a majority of the article.     

The promise of creative/participatory mapping practices for sport and leisure research

This paper provides an introduction to the concept of creative participatory mapping of human–environment relations. It is identified that within human geography, artistic practice and urban design, biomapping and similar community mapping tools and methodologies are increasingly being embraced. However, within sports and leisure research the concept has yet to gain academic attention. Consequently, this paper provides a basis for thinking about how researchers and research participants in the fields of sport and leisure research might benefit if mapping human–environment relations was to be embraced and integrated into research design practices. Referencing recent turns to studying space and affect within sport and leisure studies, mapping is argued to offer innovative methodological opportunities for studying how people relate to and understand the urban environments in which they practice physical activity and leisure forms of embodiment. The paper concludes by arguing that, along with offering up new avenues for conceptual research, mapping human–environment relations, if readily embraced, can go a long way to fostering community engagement in: the identification of (un)safe urban routes for sport/leisure practice (e.g. running, cycling), the development and site identification of health/physical activity initiatives and the design of urban landscapes of sport/leisure.     

Organized Youth Sport and Parenting in Public and Private Spaces

This article examines the connection of organized youth sport to cultural beliefs, values and practices of contemporary parenting ideologies, specifically the idealization of intensive mothering and involved fathering. It explores how parenting ideologies are constructed by the discourses expressed by individuals in their everyday lives through their children's sport participation. Moreover, the analysis of the parental discourse illustrates how parenting goes beyond the home environment and becomes a public act that is observed by other parents, with these observations creating the basis of what is deemed to be a good parent. Emphasis is also placed on the gendered dimensions of meeting the expectations for being a good parent.