我国审计市场规模经济研究

本文借助产业组织理论框架，采用规范研究的方法分析了我国审计市场规模经济的现状和存在的问题。研究结果发现，在我国审计市场上“四大”具有很强的规模效应，我国本土事务所的规模经济效应不明显。为了优化我国审计市场结构，作者提出了打造大型事务所和培育事务所的行业专长等政策建议。     

The Theory and Practice of Regulation with Multinational Enterprises

The ability of firms to operate in several markets at the same time is changing regulators' tasks. Regulatory bodies are now having to deal with multinational firms which spread their business activities all over the world. This paper analyzes the theory and practice of regulation in terms of the multinational dimensions of regulated firms. We show that the perceived theory of regulation is indeed affected, and that new issues arise both from a positive and normative point of view.     

农村经济组织形态的演变与创新——山东省莱阳市农业产业化调查报告

农业产业化的进程也是一个农村经济组织演变和创新的过程。作者在对山东省莱阳市调研的基础上描述和分析了这一历史过程。在农业产业化之初 ,农村的主要经济组织形式是合作社和“龙头企业 +农户”。但是 ,这两种组织形式都存在着一些缺陷。前者主要是受制于资金不足和缺乏抵押性资产 ;后者主要是契约不能对当事人构成有效约束。为了克服这些缺陷 ,有必要引入组织中介 ,形成新的组织形式———“龙头企业+合作社 +农户”或“龙头企业 +大户 +农户”。这种组织变革在一定程度上弥补了原有制度缺陷 ,从而在实践中日益发展成为农业产业化的主要组织形态。但是 ,由于契约是不完全的 ,合作社和大户抵押性资产不足 ,这两种组织形式也面临着一些新问题 ,本文探索了组织改善和组织创新的路径。     

Inequality of firm sizes in different economic systems

Conclusions Our empirical results seem to indicate that the lognormal model may have a more general application than it has been possible to establish before⁶. We have indicated some reasons why the assumptions of the model are valid in socialist as well as non-socialist countries. With regard to the first assumption, the law of proportionate effect, we have argued that planning agencies in socialist countries act as a check on the size of operations, as do cost curves in nonsocialist countries. Furthermore, we have argued that the population of enterprises is more likely to remain constant in a socialist economy than in a non-socialist economy. Although the arguments for the lognormal model differ a little between the two economic systems, our results seem to be consistent with those obtained by Granick (1960). In studying Soviet management he concluded that the similarities between the two systems were astonishingly great.The findings herein discussed point to two interesting subjects for future research. First, there is a need for studies of changes in size distributions in socialist countries over a period of time. Such studies could usefully include an analysis of changes in concentration as well as of transitions between different size classes (cf. Adelman, 1958; Archer & McGuire, 1965; and Hart & Prais, 1956).Second, comparisons between socialist and non-socialist countries with respect to industrial structure would be of great interest, even if there would be some difficulties in comparing the economic units of the two systems.The two studies suggested could generate further information on the main conclusion of this paper, i. e. that size distributions of firms in socialist countries seem to be skewed in a way similar to that of size distributions in capitalistic countries.This research has been carried out at GSIA, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pa. It has been made possible by grants from among others The Swedish-American Foundation and The Research Foundation of Swedish Savings Banks. I am indebted to Professor Herbert A. Simon for valuable comments.     

马克思的现代社会发展理论与科学发展观

在马克思的现代社会发展理论中,无论是东方的社会主义还是西方的社会主义其根本点是:必须是实现了现代化的社会。而实际上的社会主义却产生于经济文化落后的国家,是前现代社会。由此决定,这些国家进入"社会主义"后首要的任务就是实现现代化,把社会主义建立在现代文明基础之上。科学发展观与马克思现代社会发展理论中关于未来社会发展的原则是一致的,是新的形势下马克思现代社会发展理论在中国特色社会主义现代化建设中的创新性体现。     

Sizing Up the Impact of Embassies on Exports

The purpose of this study is to test for the effects of trade promotion via the foreign service. The theory of trade with heterogeneous firms predicts that unilateral trade promotion allows medium‐sized firms to export. We investigate the effects of trade promotion using firm‐level data and information on the opening and closing of embassies abroad from the very similar neighboring countries Sweden and Norway. We use a difference‐in‐difference specification where firms from Norway are used as a control group for Swedish firms. Our results show that large firms as well as medium‐sized firms respond to the opening of embassies.     

广义轨道理论探讨

本文认为,不仅存在技术轨道,而且存在其他轨道,如市场轨道、技术组织轨道、商业模式轨道、业务组合轨道等。由此提出广义轨道理论,以期扩展技术轨道理论,为后发企业的追赶提供更宽广的机会空间,为处于追赶阶段的我国产业和企业的创新战略实施提供新的启示。     

组织冗余和独立董事制度依赖

委托代理理论认为由于所有权和经营权的分离,组织冗余会被代理人利用从而激发代理成本,并对外部监督产生正向依赖.以中国的上市公司为研究对象,本文考察了在最终控制人类型的约束条件下组织冗余和独立董事之间的依赖关系.国有公司的冗余不论和独立董事的比例还是行业专长背景都呈负相关关系,只有在非国有的上市公司中组织冗余对独立董事的行业监督表现出正向依赖的特性.这些结果表明基于组织冗余的角度,独立董事的制度安排受到所有权类型的显著影响.     

Entrepreneurial finance and economic growth

This paper develops a theory of the centralization of firms engaged in multi-market collusive agreements. A centralized organization (called the unitary or U-form) allows price coordination across several markets, whereas with decentralized (the multidivisional or M-form) firms the probability that the antitrust authority will find evidence of collusion on one market while investigating the other is lower. We show that the firm’s choice of internal structure depends to a large extent on product substitutability and the instruments used by the antitrust authority.     

A normative approach to industrial-performance evaluation and concentration indices

In this paper we present a normative theory of industrial evaluation. Our framework provides a foundation for the notion of the ‘equivalent number of equal-sized firms’ which is an inverse measure of concentration. From an axiomatic basis we develop a particular functional form for the evaluation of industry performance — a Cobb-Douglas function of the ‘equivalent number of equal-sized firms’ and total output.     

Producer co-operatives in nineteenth-century British economic thought

Drawing on the popular radicalism of the day and his own development of the theory of the stationary state, John Stuart Mill had argued on normative and positive grounds that capitalist firms were transitional institutions and should/would evolve into producer co-operatives. In Britain, Mill's work set off a dialogue among mainstream economists. Contributors included Thornton, Fawcett, and Cairnes from Mill's “school,” as well as Jevons and Marshall who while sympathetic endorsed the less radical reform of profit sharing. Ironically, much of the socialist left, including Beatrice Potter (Webb), praised Mill's concerns, but rejected producer co-operatives in favour of nationalisation. By the early twentieth century, Mill's message resonated only with the guild socialists who kept the radical argument for producer co-operatives alive. The subtext of the paper is that modern liberals have too conveniently lost connection with this important history and its radical/liberal message of capitalism as a transitional mode.     

自生能力、经济转型与新古典经济学的反思

现有的新古典经济学理论体系把企业具有自生能力作为暗含的前提。但是 ,转型中国家和其他许多发展中国家的企业却因政府的赶超愿望 ,进入不具比较优势的产业而不具自生能力。当经济中大量企业缺乏自生能力时 ,实行根据新古典经济学所制定的改革或转型政策 ,往往达不到预期效果 ,而且 ,可能给社会带来巨大痛苦。本文主张 ,在分析社会主义经济、转型经济和发展经济问题时 ,放弃现有的新古典经济学体系中企业具有自生能力的暗含前提 ,把企业是否具有自生能力作为一个具体的考虑变量 ,这是新古典经济学理论的必要发展。     

Gender diversity and firm performance: evidence from India and Singapore

ABSTRACT

This study investigates if gender diversity on boards is an effective driver of financial performance. For this purpose, this study choses two countries, one of which has the soft law approach (Singapore) while the other has mandatory requirements (India) on corporate boards gender diversity. By doing so, it examines if there is a comparability between the listed firms of the two countries. Our results suggest that the gender diversity has a positive and significant effect on the financial performance of the firms of both the countries. Although, the gender diversity of the two countries does not seem to affect the growth opportunities of both the countries. Further, our results indicate that the board characteristics affect the performance positively and significantly when the sample is divided into five quantiles for the firms in these two countries. These findings have implications to the managerial decision making and relevance to stewardship theory and resource dependency theory.     

The effects of company taxation in EU accession countries on German FDI1

This article investigates how company taxation affects German foreign direct investment (FDI) in European Union (EU) accession countries. In 2004 and 2007, 10 former socialist eastern European countries joined the EU. Although the EU integration is associated with increasingly favourable investment conditions, accession countries also pursue active strategies to attract foreign firms. In particular, taxes on corporate income have been significantly reduced during the last decade. We analyse whether corporate tax policies of eastern European countries affect three aspects of multinational activity: the location decision, the investment decision and the capital structure choice. The results suggest that local taxes are negatively related to both location and investment decisions. The analysis of the capital structure confirms that higher local taxes imply higher debt‐to‐capital ratios.     

IJV的知识获取和绩效：控制视角的研究

国际合资公司（IJV）是中国企业学习国外先进的技术和科学的管理模式以及获取国外资金和资源的重要平台,而如何全方位地实现合资的目的是企业必须思考的重要问题。本文基于控制和知识管理等理论,构建了关于整合机制、知识获取和组织绩效的新的理论模型,并以华南地区的96家IJV企业为样本,使用结构方程模型的方法检验该模型,结果表明,整合机制正向影响知识获取,知识获取正向影响组织绩效,而整合机制对组织绩效没有直接的正向影响。本文的理论贡献在于遵循控制-知识-绩效的路径建立和检验了新的理论模型;实践启示在于中方企业应该增强对IJV的控制意识和能力,采取综合协调恰当有效的控制机制,在与外方的博弈中争取主动,获取更多的管理和技术知识,培育技术研发和知识管理能力,积极地实现当初预定的学习目标,从而提高我国企业的整体技术水平和国际竞争能力。     

Consumers as Co-developers: Learning and Innovation Outside the Firm

This study describes a process in which a firm relies on an external consumer community for innovation. While it has been recognized that users may sometimes innovate, little is known about what commercial firms can do to motivate and capture such innovations and their related benefits. We contribute to strategy literature by suggesting that learning and innovation efforts from which a firm may benefit need not necessarily be located within the organization, but may well reside in the consumer environment. We also contribute to the existing theory on "user- driven innovation' by showing what firms purposively can do to generate consumer innovation efforts. An explorative case study shows that consumer innovation can be structured, motivated, and partly organized by a commercial firm that organizes the infrastructure for consumers' interactive learning in a public online domain.     

Consumers as Co-developers: Learning and Innovation Outside the Firm

This study describes a process in which a firm relies on an external consumer community for innovation. While it has been recognized that users may sometimes innovate, little is known about what commercial firms can do to motivate and capture such innovations and their related benifits. We contribute to strategy literature by suggesting that learning and innovation efforts from which a firm may benifit need not necessarily be located within the organization, but may well reside in the consumer environment. We also contribute to the existing theory on ‘user-driven innovation’ by showing what firms purposively can do to generate consumer innovation efforts. An explorative case study shows that consumer innovation can be structured, motivated, and partly organized by a commercial firm that organizes the infrastructure for consumers’ interactive learning in a public online domain.     

Export–Oriented Foreign Direct Investment and Local Content Requirement

We develop a model in which foreign firms locate in a host country and export their produce to another (consuming) country. We consider both exogenous and endogenous numbers of foreign firms. These firms compete with domestic firms in the consuming country under oligopoly. Unemployment exists in both countries. We analyse the conflict of interest between the two countries on the level of local content for the foreign firms. Under free entry of foreign firms, the consuming country may want a less severe restriction on local contents than the host country, but not so when the number of foreign firms is exogenous.     

Stagflation as an Institutional Problem

The existence of nonprofit firms has been traditionally explained by two types of theories emphasizing the market failures that these firms address and the individual motivations to found these firms. To date, these theorizing strands have been mainly disconnected from each other. To fill this gap, this paper develops an integrative theoretical understanding of nonprofit organization by demonstrating the way market failures addressed by nonprofit firms are interrelated with the motivations of nonprofit entrepreneurs. Building on the arguments of Thorstein Veblen and the theory of the division of labor, it is argued that nonprofit organization embodies partial collective self-sufficiency necessitated by the limitations of the ability of market exchange to satisfy human needs.     

The Economics of Vocational and Technical Education: A Report on three Studies

This paper analyzes new forms of flexibility in the US apparel industry and the consequences of this flexibility for labor market segmentation. Post-Fordist flexible work organization takes place only in those enterprises that occupy privileged positions in newly established hierarchical networks of firms. Subcontracting work to smaller firms results in labor segmentation between rather than within firms. Dominant firms in hierarchical networks gain production efficiencies similar to that attained by a fixed hierarchy within Fordist type enterprises. For most apparel workers, the new production system could best be described as neo-Fordist, since it appears to be predicated on routinization and work intensification.