Economic factors in the democratization of socialism and the socialization of capitalism

Part I discusses Wlodzimierz Brus' neo-Marxian theory of social change: political democratization as a necessary requirement for socialization of public means of production, and socialization necessary for economic efficiency. Then there is a short discussion of some related features of Marxian theory. Part II gives a model of technological change and of the dynamics of long-run growth. This leads to a discussion of the role of capitalism and authoritarian socialism in rapid growth. The author concludes that for “true democratic socialism” to evolve, the growth explosion of the industrial revolution should have run its course.     

Language and foreign trade

While language plays an important role in gravity models, there has been little attention to the channels through which a common language promotes bilateral trade. This work proposes separate series for a common language depending upon whether ease of communication facilitates trade through translation or the ability to communicate directly. The series related to direct communication is far more important in explaining bilateral trade, but the other series, based on translation, makes a distinct contribution as well. Either measure of a common language outperforms the measure in popular use, which is implicitly related to translation, and a combination of the two does far better. In addition, the paper examines the effect of two country-specific linguistic influences on trade: Literacy and linguistic diversity at home. Both of these influences promote foreign relative to domestic trade. Finally, the article studies the separate roles of English and network externalities.     

对外贸易在中国的发展之路

中国是传统农业大国,工业基础较差。改革开放以后,以对外贸易驱动的外向型经济加速了中国的产业结构的调整,中国经济开始走向腾飞。对外贸易不仅带来中国工业的迅速发展,创造了更多就业机会,也为中国积累了巨大的财富。对外贸易扩展了中国经济发展的视野,坚定了中国政府和人民坚持改革开放,对外发展的信心。     

China's foreign trade policy and world trade organization membership

This paper provides an overview of China's major economic reforms and how they impacted certain key domestic economic indicators such as income, production, employment, and prices. More importantly, the paper concentrates on China's foreign trade focusing on such issues as import and export policies, exchange rate controls, foreign investments, balance of payments, traded commodities, and major trading partners. China's chance of becoming a member of the World Trade Organization is also addressed.     

经济危机下的新贸易保护主义：我国外贸企业应对策略浅析

由次贷危机引发的地震式的金融大倒塌蔓延至实体经济,全球性的经济危机使得各国纷纷筑起贸易保护大墙。中国作为世界出口大国更是遭遇到了前所未有的贸易保护的损害,尤其是我国的外贸企业。对此次经济危机的表现和特点进行剖析,进而提出应对此次经济危机引发的贸易保护主义的对策。     

经济全球化与中国对外贸易

二十一世纪对中国来说，充满光明和希望，相伴而来的机遇和挑战并存。日益错综复杂的国际形势和世界经济环境给我们提出了一系列需要深思熟虑和谨慎处理的问题，其中一个最主要的问题就是经济全球化。一、加速经济全球化进程的三大因素经济全球化的进程正在加快，而且越来越快。促进经济全球化速度加快的因素有很多，但主要有以下三个方面：１．跨国公司的迅猛发展成为推动经济全球化的重要动力。二战后，跨国公司数目急增，主体优化，直接投资规模扩大，地区分布和产业分布范围延伸，极大地推动了全球化进程。据有关资料统计，全球有５．４…     

The spillover effects of United States foreign trade zones

This article empirically tests the geographic and economic spillover effects of foreign trade zones (FTZs) in the United States by utilizing propensity score matching and the geographic rules of the programme. While these FTZ sites are designed to support manufacturing, we find that ZIP codes that receive FTZ sites experience growth in new and existing non-manufacturing establishments. Our results also show that FTZs spillover into nearby ZIP codes. We find that ZIP codes that border FTZ ZIP codes also experience positive effects on non-manufacturing establishments and these spillovers are strongest within a 5-mile radius of an FTZ.     

国际贸易形势及对中国对外贸易的影响

一、当前国际贸易发展特点 当前国际贸易形势总体是有利上于我国在更大范围、更广领域、更高层次上参与国际经济技术合作和竞争,既有机遇又有挑战.国际分工深化,新一轮国际间产业转移给我们带来新的发展机遇,同贸易伙伴的贸易摩擦增多,遭遇越来越多的非关税贸易壁垒是我们面临严峻的考验.     

The Harrod foreign trade multiplier and economic growth in Asian countries

The validity of the Harrod foreign trade multiplier for 11 Asian countries is tested. The results obtained generally support Thrilwall's specification of the multiplier. This suggests, in an open economy, relevant economic management is the factor that manipulates the income elasticities of exports and imports.     

Structures of foreign trade and income distribution: The case of Mexico

Using Mexico's input-output tables and household survey data, this paper examines various trade strategies and their relationship to commodity production with a view to assesing their effect on the distribution of income. The model incorporates income-induced multiplier effects, taking into account the full range of input import-substitution possibilities. The results show that the differences in the impact on income, particularly, of the lower incomes, are most marked in the tensions between exportable and import-competing activities. On the whole, production per unit of output in the non-tradable sector produces as much factor income as that in the export sector. Expansion of exportable activities marginally improves the economic position of the poor in relation to other income groups, but only when direct effects are taken into account. If, however, domestic production meets the needs of intermediate imports, then the distribution of income remains unaffected by alternative trade strategies.     

新疆对外贸易竞争力研究

以竞争力理论为基础,应用定性和定量相结合的方法,通过对新疆贸易现状的分析和国际、国内的比较,认为在经济全球化下如何竞争已成为世界各国（包括地区）政府、国际组织和理论学术界关注的焦点之一。从理论和实际的结合上研究在世界经济结构调整下的国际竞争力与提升新疆贸易竞争力问题,对于新疆深化改革、扩大开放,以发展为主体、结构调整为主线、体制创新和科技创新为动力,采取渐进式的发展模式提升地区的贸易竞争力,使新疆这一边疆地区与全国一同登上世界经济舞台,积极参与国际竞争,到21世纪中叶达到中等发达国家贸易水平,具有重要的现实意义。同时提出了新疆贸易竞争力提升的对策措施和政策建议。     

对我国外贸发展规模与质量问题几点思考

改革开放二十多年来，我国对外贸易已具有了相当规模，对我国经济增长做出了巨大的贡献。但同发达国家相比还存在着很大的差距。召集世界经济陷入低迷状态，我国还要履行入世承诺。在这种“内外双紧”的环境下，我国对外贸易保持适度的发展规模，同时改善外贸质量显得尤为重要。     

云南省对外贸易发展模式的特点及问题

在出口导向战略的大背景下,云南省对外贸易取得了长足的发展,其对外贸易发展模式呈现出商品结构得到一定优化等特点,同时也存在出口商品技术含量低、加工贸易比重较小等问题。因此,云南省应该加快调整产业结构,着力推动有色金属行业升级发展,实现贸易伙伴多元化并促进边境贸易和加工贸易的快速发展,使对外贸易模式更加优化。     

社会主义市场经济条件下的道德建构

市场经济的行为准则是提倡买卖公平,实现利益最大化。市场行为与道德存在一定程度的冲突,只有以市场经济为基础,积极削弱与克服负面效应,才能把道德和利益之间的可能的冲突转变为和解。市场经济的道德构建必须以法制为基础、要坚持以人为本,诚信是市场经济道德构建的核心。     

The trade paradox persists under excise taxes

Brander and Krugman (1983) and Sertel (1988) followed by Krugman (1989), showed two sides of a ‘trade paradox’: The paradox in competition, viz. that opening trade (or increasing competition) may cause welfare to decline, and the paradox in efficiency, viz. that an increase in unit transport cost may increase welfare. In this paper, we consider the situation in an environment where interventionist trade policies are not permitted but each country is sovereign to impose an excise tax (or subsidy). The paradoxes persist under equilibrium excise taxes, reckoned both at the non-cooperative (Nash or dominant strategy) equilibrium and at the cooperative solution among tax-imposing authorities maximizing welfare. We also see that the paradoxes persist in a taxless environment where market equilibrium is Stackelberg rather than Cournot.