An Economic Approach to Capital Allocation

This article starts with primitive assumptions on preferences and risk. It then derives prices consistent with a social optimum within an insurance company and the consumer‐level capital allocation implied therein. The allocation “adds up” to the total capital of the firm (a result echoing findings in the congestion pricing literature—where optimal tolls exactly cover the rental cost of the highway). The allocation follows each consumer's share of recoveries in states of insurer default, weighted by the severity of the default in terms of welfare impact. However, the article argues that an economic approach technically restricts only the capital allocated to marginal units of coverage: inframarginal units could in principle receive different allocations.     

Bad Debts and the Cleaning of Banks' Balance Sheets: An Application to Transition Economies

This paper develops a framework for analyzing tradeoffs between policies for cleaning banks' balance sheets of bad debt when asymmetric information exists between banks and regulators regarding the amount of bad debt. The framework consists of a two-tier hierarchy composed of a regulator, banks, and firms. Hidden information and moral hazard are present at each tier of the hierarchy. The analysis identifies two types of effects of the regulator's policy choice: a direct effect on a bank's willingness to reveal its bad loans versus hiding them via loan rollovers, and an indirect effect on firm behavior as a function of the bank's response. The framework is applied to analyze tradeoffs between three policies: a laissez-faire policy, transfer of debt to an asset management company, and cancellation of debt inherited from a previous regime. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: G21; G28; G30; P34.     

新的现金流量表的编制方法--现金流量发生额计列法

传统的现金流量表均需以资产负债表和利润表项目数据为基础，经过复杂的调整才能生成现金流量表，实践中不便于操作，生成的现金流量信息滞后，不利于信息使用使用。本法即现金流量发生额计列法所生成的现金流量数据直接来源于涉及现金流量的少量账户的本期发生额。该法只需在系统拿握现金流量分类的基础上，将涉及现金流动的几个账户的现金流量性质按现金流量分类归集进行简单数据处理即可。该方法在提高编表效率、提高现金流量信息的及时性精确性方面具有明显的比较优势。     

收益法应用中收益额的选择及其预测

收益法是指将资产未来收益折成现值以估算资产价值的方法,这种方法被称为资产评估三种基本方法中先进的方法.但收益法中主要参数的预测难度大,受较强的主观判断和未来收益不可预见因素的影响,使方法本身思路方面的先进性大打折扣.本文试就收益法应用中收益额的选择及其预测问题进行探讨.     

货币政策对央行资产负债表影响的实证研究

本文以2000-2008年央行资产负债表为研究对象,采用定量研究的方法,探讨货币政策对其影响的方式和程度,并得出货币政策对央行资产负债表的多个重要科目都有显著影响的结论。这也表明,尽管我国的货币政策还受很多因素的制约,但其传导渠道基本畅通,近年来所实施的货币政策卓有成效。在此基础上,本文也提出了完善当前货币政策的建议。     

Balance Sheets, the Transfer Problem, and Financial Crises

In a world of high capital mobility, the threat of speculative attack becomes a central issue of macroeconomicpolicy. While first-generation and second-generation models of speculative attacks both have considerablerelevance to particular financial crises of the 1990s, a third-generation model is needed to make sense of thenumber and nature of the emerging market crises of 1997-98. Most of the recent attempts to produce such amodel have argued that the core of the problem lies in the banking system. This paper sketches another candidatefor third-generation crisis modeling—one that emphasizes two facts that have been omitted from formal modelsto date: the role of companies' balance sheets in determining their ability to invest, and that of capital flows inaffecting the real exchange rate.     

货币政策对央行资产负债表影响的实证研究

本文以2000-2008年央行资产负债表为研究对象,采用定量研究的方法探讨货币政策对其影响的方式和程度,并得出货币政策对央行资产负债表的多个重要科目都有显著影响的结论.研究表明,尽管我国的货币政策还受很多因素的制约,但其传导渠道基本畅通,近年来所实施的货币政策卓有成效.在此基础上,本文就完善当前货币政策提出了建议.     

收入分配制度同样事关经济增长

2006年5月26日,中共中央政治局召开会议,专门研究改革收入分配制度和规范收入分配秩序问题,指出要完善分配制度,着力提高低收入者收入水平,扩大中等收入者比重,有效调节过高收入,取缔非法收入,努力缓解地区之间和部分社会成员之间收入分配差距扩大的趋势。近年来,基尼系数超过警戒线,收入行业之间不合理,已经成为中国近年来经     

环境治理的经济学思维与环境责任保险

本文分析了环境保护的经济学思想——外部成本内在化;总结了环境保护领域的经济手段;比较了环境责任保险相对于其他经济手段在环境保护中的优势;探讨了我国环境责任保险的实施模式;并对我国企业在环境责任保险问题上存在的认识误区予以澄清。     

马歇尔收益评估途径的思想

价值评估理论属于应用经济学。英国新古典经济学派经济学家马歇尔完善了效用价值理论,提出了收益价值理论的基本体系,为价值评估理论的创立做出了重要贡献。考察收益价值理论的形成过程及其经济学基础,有助于我们对现代价值评估理论的理解。     

公允价值的决策有用性:从经济分析视角的思考

公允价值自提出之日起就备受各国准则制定机构的青睐和重视,但在这次国际金融危机中却备受责难,因此,更加值得学术界从不同的角度对公允价值计量属性进行全面、深入的考察和分析。本文从经济分析的视角,对公允价值的决策有用性进行了探讨,从信息观与计量观两个角度分析了公允价值计量、资产负债表公允价值估值和公允价值利润的决策有用性问题,研究结论支持公允价值的决策有用性,并认为我国在新会计准则体系中全面、适当、谨慎地引入公允价值,既具有理论支持,也能够体现会计信息的决策有用性的目标。     

我国农民收入结构及收入增长状况分析

增加农民收入，提高农民消费水平，历来是政府关注的重点。近十年来，随着改革开放的不断深入，农民的收入不断增加，农民的消费水平也不断提高。但是，在农民增加的收入中，其结构却发生了很大的变化，我们应根据农民收入的结构特点，调整农民的收入结构，使农民的收入向着更科学、更合理的方向发展。     

新企业所得税法的经济影响分析

《中华人民共和国企业所得税法》(以下简称"新企业所得税法")在税制要素及征纳方法等具体方面做出了调整。本文从税率、应纳税所得额、税收优惠政策、纳税调整、纳税方式的变化入手,分析了新企业所得税法将对企业及经济运行的影响。     

浅论收益法中折现率的确定

在收益法评估的过程中,资产折现率的确定会对评估结果产生较大影响.在国外普遍地采用资本资产定价模型.在我国,因为各种原因,目前应用CAPM模型的条件尚未成熟.笔者以为可采用加权平均资金成本或风险利率分析法,并在考虑资金利润率的基础上加以确定.     

愿景与现实:OECD应对经济数字化税收挑战的“统一方法”

经济的全面数字化快速演进,而现行国际税制体系下相应规则的缺位使得基于利己主义的单边征税措施加剧了对数字经济征税权的国际竞争。由二十国集团(G20)领导、经济合作与发展组织(OECD)承担的应对经济数字化税收挑战解决方案的制定工作在加速推进,这是现行国际税收规则近百年发展史上迄今为止最大的实质性改革。OECD采用折衷妥协的态度,将各主要国家的建议集合成"统一方法",创设新联结度与新征税权、新利润分配方法,虽愿景美好但面临诸多必须解决的现实难题。解决这些难题需要坚持多边合作、技术协调和政治决断,同时要考虑我国数字经济发展的现实阶段和实际需要,更好维护我国税收利益。     

Re‐equitizing Corporate Balance Sheets: Choosing Among the Alternatives

Companies are generally reluctant to issue new equity because it can be expensive capital. Among the largest costs of an equity offering are so‐called “market‐impact” costs. To the extent the typically negative market reaction to a stock offering causes an issue to be underpriced, such underpricing dilutes the value of current shareholders. Despite such costs, many companies—particularly financial institutions—are raising equity capital to “delever” balance sheets that have been squeezed by the credit crunch and economic slowdown. And far from transferring value from existing shareholders, these offerings can preserve and even increase the value of highly leveraged companies by shoring up their capital bases and providing the flexibility to get through a difficult period. According to recent studies, announcements of equity offerings by distressed companies have been accompanied by positive stock returns in excess of 5 %. The challenge for CFOs is to determine why and when issuing equity is the value‐maximizing strategy. The kinds of companies that are most likely to benefit from equity offerings are those that score low on credit metrics, have experienced cyclical declines in operating performance, and have growth opportunities as part of their recovery. There are a number of options for raising equity capital, but no set rules for identifying the optimal one. Nevertheless, the author offers a number of suggestions designed to help CFOs make smarter decisions: Communicate clearly to investors the intended uses of the proceeds from the equity offering and how they are expected to create value; Consider judicious cuts to the dividend to preserve capital; Involve current shareholders to minimize dilution, perhaps by considering a rights offering, and strengthen their commitment; Seek out “smart money” such as private equity or SWFs as long‐term investors; Get the offer size right the first time so a second offering can be avoided; and Monetize volatility in uncertain markets by issuing convertible securities.     

专有技术的收益法评估

随着知识经济时代的到来,专利和专有技术等技术型资产的重要性在企业的发展过程中迅速凸显出来.而在以专有技术投资或专有技术转让的价值评估中,收益法是国际通行的评估方法.收益法的主要评估参数是收益额、折现率和收益期.而每一个主要评估参数下还有许多具体的分析指标.这些分析指标都需要根据专有技术的属性和特征,进行准确的分析.     

商业银行资产负债结构与货币政策调控方式——基于同业业务的分析

近年来,在金融脱媒程度加深、资本约束增强等外部压力下,我国商业银行依靠传统存贷利差的经营模式受到挑战。为增加盈利水平,商业银行的资产负债结构及其扩张机制均发生了较大变化,特别是"低成本、低资本占用"的同业业务快速增长。这对中央银行的基础货币调控框架形成了新的挑战。2013年年中爆发的"钱荒"就是一个典型案例。本文在梳理基础货币数量调控与价格调控相关理论的基础上,结合美国货币政策转型时期的实践经验,深入剖析了我国商业银行同业业务扩张促使基础货币数量调控效力逐步下降但价格调控效力增强的具体机理,并相应提出了有关我国货币政策转型的若干建议。     

论使用收益现值法评估的精度和误差问题

中国证监会2004年的第一号文件就资产评估使用收益现值法做出了精度方面的刚性规定.本文以系统论的思维方式使用一般的误差理论用收益现值法为对象分析了评估的精度与误差问题.本文重点分析评估的系统误差;指出评估理论的不完善,并提出解决的方案;最后指出了收益现值法的几种可能的命运;给出了衡量评估工作的综合评价体系.