From Trade Among Nations to Trade Within Firms Across National Borders

SUMMARY

Based on international economics, evolutionary economics, and organizational theories, this paper discusses the evolution of the multinational corporation's intra-organizational cross-border trade and production network. The paper suggests that firms are social and economic entities, whose intra-organizational, cross-border trade and production networks coevolve with their multilocal competitive environments. Since organizational evolution, technological innovation, and organizational learning are path-dependent, a firm-specific inertia makes it to differentiate itself from its competitors in both its intra-organizational network and market outcome. The growing trends in intra-firm transactions and intra-firm division of labor on global basis present a challenge to national governments. This paper discusses intra-firm cross-border trade versus arm's-length international trade and the implications for national-based policies.     

从PPG到VANCL网络服装销售的商业模式演进

作为国内网络服装销售行业的先行者,PPG凭借快速反应的供应链、更轻的渠道、重金打造的品牌,开创了一种与传统服装销售大不相同的新商业模式。但在取得巨大成功的同时,这种新模式中供应链的质量管理、缺失的客户体验,巨资投入的品牌推广,都为后来的失败埋下了隐患。作为一名跟随者,VANCL既借鉴了PPG的成功经验,又针对PPG的教训,通过供应商优选、自建物流、按销售付费的互联网推广等手段,对PPG的模式做出了改进,最终超越了先行者,成为了行业的新标杆。     

Racial Discrimination In Speculative Application: Evidence From the Uk's Top 100 Firms

Mike Noon, who is Lecturer in Organisational Behaviour at Cardiff Business School, examines the responses of the UK's top 100 firms when faced with speculative enquiries from two bogus ‘candidates’ belonging to different ethnic groups. He finds that, although both candidates were likely to reveive a reply, the ‘white’ candidate tended to receive a better quality reply; candidates were more likely to be treated the same by companies with statements of equal opportunity, but when discrimination occurred it also tended to favour the white candidate. His conclusions suggest what might be done to bridge the gap between policy and practice.     

盈余操纵与公司内部激励的关系研究

盈余操纵不仅会损害利益相关人特别是公司股东的利益,造成资源的不合理配置,同时它还会削弱国家宏观经济的调控能力,影响证券市场的健康发展。本文试图通过建模阐释:公司总经理(CEO)的盈余操纵行为是怎样严重扭曲公司内部激励的动机和破坏公司价值的创造的。     

The Dynamics of Self-Esteem and Physical Self: Between Preservation and Adaptation

The aim of this study was to model and characterize the psychologicalprocesses that underlie the dynamics of global self-esteem and physicalself over time. Twice a day for 228 consecutive days, seven participantscompleted a short inventory (PSI-6, Ninot et al., 2001) measuring sixsubjective dimensions: global self-esteem, physical self-worth, physicalcondition, sport competence, physical strength, and attractive body.Each series was modeled by means of ARIMA procedures. The resultsshowed that a simple moving average model provided a satisfactoryaccount for the dynamics of all series. This model suggests that acombination of two opposite processes underlies the dynamics ofself-concept: preservation, which tends to restore the previousvalue after a disturbance, and adaptation, which tends to inflectthe series in the direction of the perturbation.     

生产方式演进的动力学模型与机理

本文探讨了生产方式的概念和形态,指出了生产方式演进的动力因素,建立了生产方式演进的动力学模型,分析了生产方式演进的动力学基础,深入研究了生产方式演进的动力学机理。     

Governance, Negotiations, and Alliance Dynamics: Explaining the Evolution of Relational Practice

This paper explores relational practice in strategic alliances. Focusing on how governance mechanisms and negotiation strategies evolve and form patterns of interaction that are under influence of both recursive and adaptive forces, four modes of relational practice are discussed: recursively integrative, recursively distributive, adaptive toward integrative, and adaptive toward distributive. Three longitudinal cases are examined. I find that different contractual conditions enable (or restrain) interaction patterns. Negotiation behaviour, in turn, affects future contractual conditions and their combination and recombination form the evolution of relational practice. As relationships progress, initial governance mechanisms are complemented and negotiation behaviours change. I explain how perceptions of both process and relational outcomes influence relational practice. In addition, I explicate why relational practices have both recursive and adaptive characteristics, and identify conditions that cause relational practices to move towards more integrative or distributive modes.     

Transnational Corporations and the Dynamics of Human Capital Formation: Evidence From West Yorkshire

John Knell, who is Lecturer in Industrial Relations in the School of Business and Economic Studies at the University of Leeds, draws on published material and the evidence of case studies in West Yorkshire to discuss the impact of foreign direct investment on human capital formation in Britain. He argues that the ‘transformative’ effects of such investment have been very limited and that the key to understanding this outcome lies in the position of the British economy within the evolving international division of labour.     

从巴黎时装衍生企业的区位分布看北京疏解难题

首先提出世界上疏解城市人口、降低城市密度的举措所面临的普遍困境;然后通过北京和巴黎创意衍生企业区位选择的观察,揭示了城市疏解需要跨越的第1公里现象;最后,建议走出对北京城市密度、历史和市场的认识误区,反思反磁力规划理论的缺陷,发挥城市集聚对于后工业时代超大城市的重要作用。     

城市品牌生态系统的协同演化——城市品牌理论与实践的新视角

目前,越来越多的国家、地区、城市开始运用品牌化的技术和方法来谋求竞争优势。在城市品牌建设的过程中,仍然存在许多困惑,需要新理论的指导。在对城市品牌理论研究现状进行评述的基础上,提出了城市品牌研究的新视角——城市品牌生态系统协同演化理论,阐述了城市品牌生态系统协同演化理论的研究目的、研究内容、研究方法以及研究的意义,尝试为城市品牌塑造和理论研究提供新的思路。     

Directors' Pay and Turnover: An Application to a Sample of Large UK Firms

This paper examines the operation of the UK managerial labour market. We test the twin agency predictions that directors' pay is positively related to corporate performance and CEO turnover is negatively associated with firm profitability. We find that (i) the panel data econometric evidence reveals a significant and positive correlation between directors' pay, company performance and size, (ii) the CEO turnover model predicts a negative, and significant, association with pre-dated shareholder returns: the data is consistent with the view that CEOs are disciplined by the threat of dismissal, (iii) boardroom governance factors (e.g. proportion of non-executives and board size) are only of some importance in the CEO succession process.     

Discretionary Accruals and Auditor Behaviour in Code-Law Contexts: An Application to Failing Spanish Firms

This study examines the relationship between earnings management and auditor behaviour in the pre-bankrupt client segment of the Spanish audit market. As proxies for auditor behaviour, we use type of audit firm (Big N/non-Big N) and type of audit report. In contrast to the USA, audit reports in Spain often include modifications other than a going-concern opinion. This allows us to study the relationship in more detail than is possible with US data. The results of our study show that discretionary accruals are negatively related to going-concern opinions but are positively related to reports modified for reasons other than going-concern problems. However, unlike Butler et al. (Journal of Accounting and Economics, 37, pp. 139–165, 2004) the negative relationship is explained not by liquidity survival tactics but by auditor conservatism. We find this conservatism not only in the value of discretionary accruals but also in the qualifications that accompany a going concern. In these cases GAAP violations have a much greater income effect and a stronger relationship with the reversal of manipulation accumulated over the years than with the manipulation introduced during the last year. Finally, our results suggest that Big N differentiation in a code-law country is context-specific and depends on the business risk parameter of the ‘audit risk model’. In particular, for high-risk firms, Big N auditors show a significantly lower level of discretionary accruals and a greater propensity to issue a going-concern opinion.     

统筹国内外两个市场的天生国际化企业持续成长研究——基于奥马电器的案例分析

本文通过案例研究,探讨天生国际化企业在多变环境中基于国内外两个市场采取战略,实现快速和高效的持续成长的过程。分别针对国内外市场分析其在不同成长阶段的战略实施、资源能力构建和经营绩效的关系。研究发现：企业通过国外原始设计制造（ODM）实现国际化扩展,能有效促进其技术、制造与管理能力的提升与资源积累;而在国内市场则通过向自有品牌制造（OBM）发展、全产业链延伸、资本筹集获取持续成长的重要资源。提炼出天生国际化企业统筹国内外两个市场的持续成长的整合框架。并在此基础上进一步探讨天生国际化企业如何利用国内外两个市场的互动促进、协同发展,以及成长过程中的企业家精神等关键因素。     

Negotiating the Evolution of the Hr Function: Practical Advice From the Health Care Sector

This paper has two aims. First, to consider explanations for the apparent gap between the paradigm of strategic human resource management on the one hand and actual HR practice on the other. Second, to generate practical advice for senior HR specialists who are aspriring to develop a strategic role for their function. the research underpinning these findings was based on case studies in three hospitals in Adelaide and a comparison of the findings with the situation at Leicester General NHS Trust where the first named author of this article was the HR director and a senior board member. the analysis reveals that specific features of each organisation's history, current structure and management, shape powerfully the nature of the HR function. Moreover, the local shaping factors define the degrees of freedom open to the HR function, so much so, that the notion that it can choose its organisational stance is here challenged.     

质量生态学研究(3)--产品质量与顾客满意的协同进化

市场上的产品大多以“种群”形式存在，产品的客观质量是不断进化的。但顾客满意具有生命周期，当顾客对某类产品永久性不满意时，即使该产品的客观质量再好，其市场生命周期也将结束。产品质量是顾客满意的基础，为使顾客满意产品种群内质量竞争加剧，加快了产品质量进化；而顾客的满意水平又受产品质量进化水平的驱动。产品质量与顾客满意之间存在协同进化关系。     

陈平 从“联邦快递”到“亚马逊”

或许没有人会想到,陈平会离开他一手创办的宅急送。     

企业管理:高绩效到卓越

在经济全球化和市场竞争日益激烈的大环境下,几乎每个企业都面临着提高企业业绩和增强自身竞争力的巨大压力。那么如何才能在市场竞争中立于不败之地,保持长久、稳定的发展呢?本文从企业管理学角度详细论述了卓越企业应该具备的特质,并结合实例提出一家高绩效企业只有通过企业文化竞争、重视员工价值、关注社会效益并充分履行社会责任几方面的努力才能成为一家卓越企业,从而在经济发展中独领风骚。