劳动力流动、市场一体化与地区间产业转移

基于一般均衡理论分析框架,产业空间转移过程中劳动力要素流动与政府行为存在明显关联,劳动力空间流动成本和商品交易成本对市场一体化、劳动力市场和企业区位选择具有显著影响.一方面,满意工资水平的地区差异强化了劳动力市场的不完全性,从而阻碍了劳动力的空间流动,并引致资本回报率的下降,最终不利于资本形成.另一方面,任何不利于要素自由流动的障碍性措施,都将引起本地区企业数量的下降,并且产业转移对要素流动成本将变得更加敏感.     

中国劳动力市场一体化与经济开放

本文从理论和经验上分析了中国劳动力市场一体化及经济开放对该进程的影响,表明:两个劳动力市场的均衡工资差距在受到外生冲击后回到均衡水平的能力是衡量我国区域劳动力市场一体化的一个较好标准;经济开放对我国区域劳动力市场一体化的程度具有显著促进作用,其主要机制是减少或消除劳动力迁移过程中的各种障碍性因素、推进我国地区劳动力市场的开放等;我国各区域劳动力市场一体化进程不同,华北、华东、华南区域劳动力市场一体化的程度更高.     

Complementarity of Labor Market Institutions, Equilibrium Unemployment and the Propagation of Business Cycles

This paper evaluates complementarities of labor market institutions and the business cycle in the context of a stochastic dynamic general equilibrium model economy. Matching between workers and vacancies with endogenous time spent in search, Nash-bargained wages, payroll taxation, and differential support for unemployed labor in search and leisure are central aspects of the model. For plausible regions of the policy and institutional parameter space, the model exhibits more persistence than standard real business cycle models and can exhibit indeterminacy of rational expectations paths without increasing returns in production. Furthermore, labor market institutions act in a complementary fashion in generating these effects.     

工人离职、失业波动与失业保险文献评述

失业不仅涉及失业波动的影响,还包括在职工人的离队。为减少工人搜寻过程中产生的负外部性,应降低工人的信息成本。失业保险政策的实施又降低了失业工人再就业的激励性,应确立有效的失业保险水平,实现产出与社会福利的最大化。     

Fiscal Policy,Economic Integration and Unemployment

In this paper fiscal policy is examined for an open economy characterized by unemployment due to efficiency wages. We allow for capital and firm mobility in a model where the government chooses the level of wage, source-based capital and profit taxation. The taxing choices of governments are analyzed in scenarios which differ with respect to the constraints imposed on the set of available taxes and on the mobility of firms. As a general result, the welfare loss from labor market imperfections increases when tax bases become internationally mobile, which suggests an increasing relevance of domestic labor-market reforms when tax bases become global.     

How Does Imperfect Competition in the Labor Market Affect Unemployment Policies?

We consider a continuum of workers ranked according to their abilities to acquire education and two firms with different technologies that imperfectly compete in wages to attract these workers. The education cost to be borne by workers is higher in the high-technology firm. In equilibrium, we show that the unemployed workers are those with the lowest initial abilities. We then study different policies that subsidize either education cost or wages. We found that the first-best allocation can only be implemented by selective policies. We analyze second-best nonselective policies and show that, in terms of welfare, subsidizing education costs or wages is strictly equivalent.     

中国劳动市场一体化测度与利益评估

笔者通过比较劳动生产率和劳动边际产出的地区差异与产业差异,对我国劳动市场一体化程度及其变化趋势进行测度。研究发现改革以来,劳动市场地区分割已明显减弱,但产业分割仍然严重;工业部门存在较高技术门槛和体制门槛,传统服务业是农业劳动力转移的主要渠道。政策模拟显示,劳动市场一体化具有巨大的经济社会利益。     

经济一体化、产业分工与失业

本文建立了产业分工架构,分析工业国家非技术劳工工资与失业问题。产业分工程度内生决定于经济一体化(即市场扩大)型态:在一体化市场内,若技术劳动成长率大于非技术劳动增幅,制造业产业分工程度将加深;反之,产业分工程度降低。产业分工程度加深促使非技术劳工工资上升、失业率下降,并未如预期会威胁工业国家非技术劳工。值得注意的是,既使产业分工程度加深、非技术劳工失业率下降,亦可能出现非技术劳工失业量上升现象。     

竞争性的劳动力市场与劳动力市场分割

市场机制的主要功能,是使社会有限的资源,特别是劳动力资源配置到效率或效益最高的部门或领域。劳动力使用权的转让与购买过程,同时就是劳动力资源在各种用途之间的分配过程。竞争性的劳动力市场是一种理论抽象,现实生活中的劳动力市场,是不完全竞争的,并由此引伸出劳动力市场竞争的理论与劳动力市场分割的实际之间的对立统一。     

Market Segmentation, Market Integration, and Tacit Collusion

Moving from market segmentation to market integration (firms cannot discriminate among markets) is shown to have often anticompetitive effects in an infinitely repeated Cournot game. In particular, market integration between two countries leads both of them to experience anticompetitive effects when product markets are similar. The same conclusion holds when trade liberalization is modeled as a decrease in bilateral trade barriers followed by moving from market segmentation to market integration. The analysis also predicts that a less efficient country (like a country in transition) enjoys pro–competitive effects from market integration.     

中国就业、再就业与劳动力转移的趋势和出路

近几年,由于国有企业改革、产业结构调整、经济增长速度下降、劳动力供给增加,所以可能失业的规模和压力越来越大。如果不从战略上着手解决中国未来的就业、再就业和剩余劳动力转移问题,中国的发展将受到极大的阻碍。从国外发展的经验和未来我国经济发展趋势来看,要解决失业问题必须发展中小企业,要实现巨额剩余劳动力的转移就必须加速城市化进程、加快小城镇的建设。从上述意义上说：中国能否实现经济的持续增长和社会的稳定,将取决于中小企业和小城镇的发展与建设。     

垄断、分工与市场

中国的国有企业一直面临着垄断的指责,但这种指责却是极其模糊和偏颇的。本文从时间与空间对垄断的概念进行界定,认为垄断是一种相对而非绝对的状态,其基础源于分工,是一个在与市场的相互作用下不断扩张的过程。笔者认为,从这种理论概念的澄清上可以看出,对于国有企业而言,绝大部分对于垄断的指责是偏颇的,也是不符合现实的。     

Demand,Supply, and Labor Market Analysis

Our previous research argued that interest payments on consumer debt should be subtracted from household income to measure poverty. We estimated 4 million additional poor Americans in 2007, calling them "debt poor." This paper finds that the debt poor are somewhat like the poor (they are unlikely to own a home or have private health insurance), somewhat like middle-class households (race), and in-between in other ways (education levels). Debt poor households were likely middle class once, having access to considerable consumer credit; but following a loss of income, their large debt burden put their living standard below their poverty threshold.     

Unemployment,Vacancies and Conditions of Excess Demand for Labor in Canada

The explanation of state and local government expenditures has received considerable attention since Fabricant's study Trends in Government Activity Since 1900. These studies have been subject to at least two important shortcomings. One of their limitations stems from the estimation procedures used, while the other is the result of an incomplete model of the process underlying the determination of such expenditures. For the most part, past studies have used either cross-sectional data for a particular year or time series data for a single state. Consequently, the explanations resulting from these analyses either fail to capture the dynamic aspects of the problem in the first case, or remain localized to a particular state in the second. Since expenditure decisions are influenced by both historical events acting through time and economic, political, and demographic factors working at a point in time, studies which fail to integrate both types of information into the estimation process are imcomplete.

The purpose of this paper is to suggest a methodology for using both types of information. Accordingly, the resulting technique is a more efficient approach for estimating state and local government expenditure determinants. The technique is a generalized Aitken estimator for a system of unrelated regressions and was first introduced by ZELLNER (1962). The second problem with past research is the result of the inadequacy of our models for public goods and collective consumption in general, the decision process underlying public provision of goods and services has not been subjected to comprehensive modeling. ^{1 1} Some work has begun in this area. See HAEFELE (1970, 1971, 1972) as well as the references he cites. Therefore empirical analyses of expenditure patterns have been based on incompletely developed models. Our approach will be to suggest a model which is representative of the existing literature, sketch its theoretical foundation, and discuss the areas for future research. The present paper will not, however, attempt to develop a more complete model of the public decision process.

Section I of the paper briefly summarizes the primary research efforts in this area. It is followed by an explanation of the model and of the technique used for this study. Section IV presents the results for nine expenditure categories for state and local governments in the U.S. in 1957, 1962, and 1967. The last section summarizes the conclusions of the paper and discusses the scope for further research.     

Fiscal Transfers and Distributive Conflict in a Simple Endogenous Growth Model with Unemployment

Abstract. In the simplified formal treatment proposed in this paper, a decrease in a policy parameter – the ratio of total tax revenues to GDP – can monotonically increase long-term growth rate and may lead to a higher employment level. This notwithstanding, the paper shows that the redistributive implications of such a decrease may induce the wage earners to oppose it. As a consequence, policy-makers reflecting social preferences may undertake redistributive transfers generating persistent unemployment and lowering growth even if commitment technologies allowing them to follow preannounced tax policies were feasible.     

Family Income and Wealth,Youth Unemployment and Active Labour Market Policies

This paper studies some features of unemployment in Italy using cross section individual micro data. Since unemployment is particularly harsh with respect to youths, interest is focused on 15-29-year-old youngsters. The analysis is carried out using standard logit models and the results show that personal and family characteristics play an essential role in shaping youth activity and unemployment rates of short and long duration, together with product market conditions and labour market features. In particular, the income effect seems relevant for participation decisions, while the family wealth helps in reducing youth unemployment. Various policy instruments might be able to reduce youth unemployment, especially if these instruments are targeted through means-testing on family income and wealth and through a proper distinction between the first job seekers and the strictly unemployed.     

Labor Market Experiment

This experiment involves having students search in a hypothetical job market for jobs paying wages in a known range but an unknown wage distribution. Different trials change variables to allow for search costs, unemployment insurance, recessions, and investment in human capital.     

Unemployment Compensation and the Allocation of Labor in Developing Countries

This paper studies the effects of the introduction of unemployment compensation (UC) in countries characterized by pervasive informality. We provide a simple framework to analyze the impact of UC on the allocation of workers between formal and informal activities, as well as the allocation of workers between sectors featuring different incentives to go informal. We show that a reasonable amount of UC may reduce informality, while larger amounts of UC induce large disincentives to go formal because of the level of taxation involved. We also argue that the financing of UC should be part and parcel of a well‐conceived UC system. We show that UC finance based on payroll taxes is likely to entail an excess level of informality resulting from cross‐subsidies between heterogenous sectors. The introduction of a simple layoff tax meant to finance the UC system is then shown to reduce informality, hence highlighting how a well‐designed financing scheme may be used as a supplementary instrument to curb informality.     

Culture and the Labor Market

This paper explores the relationship between culture and labor market behavior. An attempt is made to clarify, from an economic perspective, the meaning of culture; to discuss the importance of cultural studies in the economic analysis of the labor market; and to outline the major theoretical issues that are associated with adopting a cultural perspective on economic behavior in the labor market.