河南省4A级以上旅游景区空间分布特征及机理研究

目的/意义4A级以上景区是区域旅游吸引力的重要组成部分,探讨其空间分布规律对于区域旅游规划和产业发展具有重要作用。方法/过程以河南省4A级以上旅游景区为研究对象,运用最邻近点指数、地理集中指数、基尼系数、不平衡指数等方法进行了定量研究。结果/结论河南省4A级以上景区在空间结构上呈现整体分化的格局,且在区域中高度集中,但在景区密度方面差异较小,空间分布较为均匀。在此基础上,从区域经济发展水平、旅游交通和旅游资源禀赋等三方面探讨了制约旅游景区空间分布的影响因素。     

环京津地区旅游交通与旅游目的地空间模式开发

旅游交通与旅游资源相匹配是旅游目的地空间模式开发的重要基础。以旅游中心地理论和旅游点—轴空间结构理论为基础,运用最邻近点指数法和交通通达指数法对河北省环京津地区的旅游资源分布及旅游景区通达性进行测算,认为旅游资源分布趋于聚集性状态,旅游交通以北京为中心呈放射状格局,旅游外部交通较为发达,区域交通发展滞后,旅游景区通达性较差。提出环京津地区旅游目的地空间模式开发四种类型:太行山区旅游链模式;张家口-承德基地型旅游模式;承德—秦皇岛—唐山区域游览型旅游模式;白洋淀、衡水湖和吴桥杂技大世界单一目的地旅游模式。建设环京津旅游交通大环线和三级旅游中心地,为旅游目的地空间模式开发提供支撑。     

中国5A级旅游景区季节性时空分布及影响因素研究——基于网络关注度的数据

目的/意义 季节性是影响旅游地发展的重要因素。探讨中国5A级旅游景区季节性时空分布及影响因素对旅游景区的季节性调控和运营优化具有重要意义。方法/过程 选取我国209个5A级旅游景区为研究样本,基于2016年的月度网络关注度等有关数据,利用月度指数、季节强度指数、基尼系数和回归模型,揭示中国5A级旅游景区季节性的时空变化特征及供给端的影响因素。结果/结论 研究结果显示:1)依据5A级景区的网络关注度月度指数及波动特征,将中国5A级旅游景区按季节性分为四种类型:无峰型景区、单峰型景区、双峰型景区和多峰型景区。2)上述209家5A级景区分布在31个省域。依据这31个省域5A级景区季节性强度指数均值分布,将旅游目的地分为四种类型:强季节性旅游目的地、次强季节性旅游目的地、次弱季节性旅游目的地和弱季节性旅游目的地。3)基于供给端的影响因素模型发现:气候条件对5A级景区旅游季节性具有正向影响,景区的纬度每增加1个单位,旅游季节性强度会提高0.395个单位;景区类型对季节性强度具有负向影响,自然类旅游景区季节性强于人文类旅游景区;经济发展水平对旅游景区季节性具有负向影响,人均国内生产总值每提高1个单位,旅游景区的季节性强度会降低0.178个单位;景区建设对旅游季节性的影响不显著。     

福建省星级乡村旅游地空间分异特征及影响因素研究

文章以福建省169个三星及以上星级乡村旅游地为样本,通过运用GIS中的可视化、最邻近指数和核密度分析方法,对星级乡村旅游地空间分布特征、均衡程度以及密度进行量化分析,探讨自然因素与人文因素对其布局的影响。结果表明:受到地形地貌、水文、政策、旅游需求以及交通条件等因素的影响,福建省乡村旅游地的空间分布呈现集聚型,且东部地区明显比中西部地区分布更为密集。针对实际情况以打造乡村旅游品牌化、利益分配均衡化、"清新福建"为原则提出发展建议。     

基于导航数据的旅游景区交通网络格局与空间结构优化——以江西省A级旅游景区为例

文章运用集聚度、连结度与可达性等指标,利用导航系统获取路网信息,探讨了江西省A级旅游景区的分布格局、交通网络及其可达性的特点与问题。研究发现:江西A级旅游景区呈"小集聚、大分散"的分布格局;交通网络的回路性较差、连接性较好、连通性一般,运输压力大;可达性整体较差,主因是高级别旅游景区的通行时间偏长;可达性呈现以南昌为高地的中心向外围骤降态势。据此提出修建旅游专用道构成环形线路,美化沿途,分流交通;丰富旅游景区活动项目以延长游客停留时间;发展清洁公共交通;重视高铁与旅游通道对接,提高省际边界的路网等级和密度等优化策略。     

采石矶景区网络关注度研究

根据2016～2019年百度搜索指数,对马鞍山采石矶风景区的网络关注度在不同端口的时空分布和人群属性等特征进行研究分析,为其创建5A级景区提供大数据参考。研究表明:该景区月关注度呈"双峰形",移动端表现明显;周时段关注度呈现"平日低周末高";2017～2019年的"五一"前后均呈"单峰形",且2019年因实施对当地人免费开放政策而关注度大幅增加;搜索空间分布上主要集中在马鞍山周边和长三角地区;年龄段集中在30～49岁。建议采石矶景区应进一步分析主要客源市场的特征,加快智慧旅游建设,提升营销服务和多业态打造,同时加大专业人才培养和引进力度。     

山西省入境旅游客源市场的空间集中度分析

旅游需求的一个显著特点是每一个旅游目的地都有相对稳定的客源地，从数量上度量旅游需求随客源地的空间分布变化，对旅游决策和宏观规划很有帮助。本文使用地理集中指数算法，从通过分析山西省入境旅游的空间集中度，找出山西省入境旅游结构方面存在问题，对未来发展提出合理建议，试图为政府决策部门提供参考。     

基于百度指数的旅游关注度时空特征及其驱动机制研究——以西藏林芝为例

基于百度平台的百度指数获取2011—2015年林芝旅游关注度数据,通过把计算所得的地理集中指数(G)、季节性指数(S)、基尼系数(Gini),经X12调整过后的HP滤波对网络搜索的时间及空间分布进行探讨。结果表明:林芝旅游关注度持续增加且季节性差异明显增大,呈明显的"双峰双谷"趋势,搜索量较高的地区是北京、广东、西藏、四川等地,呈现"东—西—中"分布。促使林芝旅游关注度提高的动力因素主要有经济发达水平、旅游线路规划、营销战略选择等。     

湖南“3＋5”城市群旅游资源群空间结构研究——以国家4A和3A级景区为例

旅游资源是旅游产品吸引力产生的核心要素。一般而言,在区域旅游资源系统中,旅游资源是以个体的集合群的形式——旅游资源群的形式而存在。旅游资源群是旅游资源在特定的地理空间的重要存在形式,是区域旅游资源系统组成的基本单位。本文以湖南“3＋5”城市群为例,选取了城市群内国家4A级和3A级景区,运用凯立德导航系统测出景点两两之间的车程距离,做出乌鸦矩阵,通过数据运用聚集度指数、优越度指数、规模度指数、开发潜力指数来分析其旅游资源空间结构及其开发潜力评价。     

俄罗斯旅华客源市场分析与开拓研究^＊

基于大量旅游统计数据,运用月季强度指数和地理集中指数等统计方法,对俄罗斯旅华客源市场的游客特征、时空结构及发展趋势进行系统分析,在此基础上提出针对俄罗斯旅华客源市场的开拓策略。研究表明：俄罗斯旅华游客独特性明显;在年际上呈曲线上升增长。年内分布相对集中;空间分布集中且有向沿海、内地分散趋势;市场开拓策略选择应全面系统、有针对性．     

Integrating service and design: the influences of organizational and communication factors on relative product and service characteristics

The aim of this study is to identify the organizational and communication antecedents, and evaluate the consequences on relative product and service characteristics, of the use of service-sourced information by product designers during new product development. An empirical study of 121 product design managers demonstrates that a firm’s market orientation is improved by a healthy working relationship between product designers and service employees. Such a relationship motivates designers to use service-sourced information disseminated to them, enhancing both product and service characteristics of the new offering. The authors discuss how communication channels and information content affect the information use of product designers. Product designers value written information most. Information use does not relate to the frequency of receiving verbal or electronic information. Information about product ergonomics positively influences product designers’ perceptions of the information, whereas information on product aesthetics negatively influences their perceptions.

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Peter Drucker on marketing: an exploration of five tenets

The authors review Peter Drucker’s contributions to marketing theory and practice. A bibliometric analysis of Drucker’s academic influence in marketing is presented. The five main tenets that are derived from the bibliometric study are expanded upon as follows: (1) The Marketing Concept: Creating Value for Customers; (2) Broadened Role of Marketing in Society: Corporate Social Responsibility, Consumerism, Social Marketing, and Lessons from Non-Profit Organizations; (3) Contributions to Marketing Strategy: The Obvious and Not So Obvious; (4) Marketing-Innovation Interface: New Product Development; (5) Future of Globalization: Rise of Non-National Enterprises.

The effects of mid-career military enlistment on civilian career prospects: evidence from the Australian banking industry during World War II

This paper uses personnel records of employees from an Australian bank to analyse the labour market consequences of career interruptions due to voluntary military service during the Second World War. The records contain the employees’ career position and pay histories, and pre-war outcomes are used to control for selection bias caused by non-random enlistment. It is shown that, despite losing human capital during the War, upon their return veterans did not face a wage penalty relative to non-volunteers. Finally, evidence from non-wage outcomes suggests that the absence of a wage penalty was a form of positive discrimination by the Bank.

Commitment to a friend,a service provider,or a service company—are they distinctions worth making?

In two studies, the authors examine three targets of commitment in service provider–consumer relationships and their effects on customer loyalty. The results indicate that service consumers distinguish between commitment to a service company, commitment to an individual in the role of service employee, and commitment to an individual outside of the role of service employee (e.g., a personal commitment such as a friendship). In addition, these three targets of commitment are hierarchically related and have differential effects on various customer responses. The results have implications for both customer relationship managers and researchers studying such relationships.

Harmonizing conflict in husband–wife purchase decision making: perceived fairness and spousal influence dynamics

To market important products to families successfully, salespeople must understand how couples behave in concert to resolve conflict across major decisions. The authors develop a model of spousal fairness and test it with a study of multi-period family purchase decision making. The results show that a spousal sense of fairness serves as a mechanism for contemporary couples to harmonize conflict over time in family decisions. Specifically, spouses’ perceived fairness mediates the relationship between spousal prior influence and spousal decision behavior in subsequent decisions. Spouses also consider their partner’s perceptions of fairness when taking action to restore fairness. Moreover, the effects of perceived fairness are moderated by spousal traits of empathy, egalitarianism, and empowerment in a gendered pattern.

Spontaneous visualization and concept evaluation

This paper proposes that customers often respond to brand extension concepts by visualizing the product. We call this process spontaneous visualization and suggest that it precedes concept evaluations. In two studies, we show that spontaneous visualization is enhanced by the fit between the parent brand and the extension category and by the ease with which the product category can be imagined. The appeal of the visualized image in turn determines whether visualization enhances or decreases concept evaluations. In addition, we find a stronger link between product evaluations and delayed choice when evaluations are based on visualization; evaluations based on visualization hence appear to be more “valid” in the sense of predicting subsequent behavior. Implications of these findings and ideas for future research are discussed.

The market value impact of indirect ties within technology alliances

Researchers have typically studied the relationship between technology alliances and market value from a direct tie or dyadic perspective. Yet any given technology alliance is typically embedded in a network of indirect ties created by the alliance partners’ relationships with other firms. We argue that whether an indirect tie enhances or detracts from the market value a firm creates in a technology alliance depends upon factors related to inter-firm competencies at both an alliance- and partner-level of analysis. Empirical analysis of abnormal stock returns reveals support for the hypothesized contingent relationship between indirect ties and value creation within technology alliances. Theoretically, the paper clarifies opposing perspectives in the literature regarding the performance implications of indirect ties and identifies market value as a hitherto unrecognized effect associated with this type of tie. Managerially, the findings improve marketers’ ability to leverage the complex interactions that occur between technology alliances in a value-creating manner.

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The Crash of 1882 and the Bailout of the Paris Bourse

The crash of the French stock market in 1882 presented the Paris Bourse with its worst crisis of the nineteenth century. Its structure was similar in key respects to today’s futures markets, with a dominant forward market leading the Bourse to adopt a common fund to guarantee transactions and liquidity. While this mutualization of risk protects clients and brokers from idiosyncratic shocks, it is generally assumed that it also provides considerable protection against systemic shocks, as no twentieth century exchange has been forced to shut down. Using new archival data, this paper shows how a stock market crash overwhelmed the Bourse’s common fund. Only an emergency loan from the Bank of France, intermediated by the largest banks, prevented a closure of the Bourse.

Managerial,organizational, and external drivers of sales effectiveness in export market ventures

The authors extend sales management theory by considering the role of export sales management in small- and medium-sized firms, and they develop an integrated model of export sales organization effectiveness. Specifically, the authors test 16 hypotheses that examine the relationships among export sales management control, export territory, psychic distance, export sales performance, and export sales organization effectiveness. Using a mail-survey approach, data were collected from U.K.-based export sales managers in 146 direct exporters of industrial products. Though certain anomalies are observed, the research findings support many of the hypothesized associations, confirming the robustness of existing sales management concepts and theories in an export-marketing context.

Reconfiguration of the conceptual landscape: a tribute to the service logic of Richard Normann

This article is a tribute to the late Richard Normann, whose call for a “service logic” (Normann, Reframing Business: When the Map Changes the Landscape, Wiley, Chichester, p. 99, 2001) both parallels and enriches service-dominant (S-D) logic (Vargo and Lusch, J. Mark, 68:1–17, 2004a). Like Vargo and Lusch, Normann shifted the focus of the offering from an output to a process of value creation and perceived the firm as an organizer of this process, with the customer as a co-producer, rather than a receiver of value. He also argued that offerings are “frozen knowledge,” similar to Vargo and Lusch’s contention that the basis of exchange is applied operant resources (service) and suggested that the ‘dematerialization’ of resources increases their ‘liquidity’, which allows increased “density” for value creation. Thus, he suggested that firms need to “reframe business”—rethink the logic of value creation—to reveal opportunities in reconfiguring the value constellations of which they are part. This tribute explores these and other similarities and differences between Normann’s work and the evolving S-D logic.