Learning about learning in games through experimental control of strategic interdependence

We report results from an experiment in which humans repeatedly play one of two games against a computer program that follows either a reinforcement or an experience weighted attraction learning algorithm. Our experiment shows these learning algorithms detect exploitable opportunities more sensitively than humans. Also, learning algorithms respond to detected payoff-increasing opportunities systematically; however, the responses are too weak to improve the algorithms' payoffs. Human play against various decision maker types does not vary significantly. These factors lead to a strong linear relationship between the humans' and algorithms' action choice proportions that is suggestive of the algorithms' best response correspondences.     

Macroeconomies as constructively rational games

Real-world decision-makers are forced to be locally constructive; that is, their decisions are necessarily constrained by their interaction networks, information, beliefs, and physical states. This study transforms an otherwise standard dynamic macroeconomic model into an open-ended dynamic game by requiring consumers and firms with intertemporal utility and profit objectives to be locally constructive. Tested locally constructive decision processes for the consumers and firms range from simple reactive reinforcement learning to adaptive dynamic programming (ADP). Computational experiments are used to explore macroeconomic performance under alternative decision-process combinations relative to a social planner benchmark solution. A key finding is that simpler decision processes can outperform more sophisticated decision processes such as ADP. However, memory length permitting some degree of adaptive foresight is critical for good performance.     

Learning and decision costs in one-person games

This paper reports the results of a two-part data analysis of learning in a repeated costly decision experiment. In the first part we test payoff dominance under the hypothesis of expected payoff maximization. We utilize a dynamic probability distribution over decisions for each player, characterizing what each player has learned about the payoff function by the moments from these distributions. In the second part, we test the hypothesis of expected payoff maximization for players in each treatment group. Expected payoff maximization is supported but payoff dominance is not. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅谈学科主题学习资源的建设

随着教育信息化的发展，以主题作为设计核心的主题学习模式，在很大程度上成为信息技术整合课程的主导模式。文中主要对学科主题学习资源建设的必要性和可行性作简要的分析。     

新课程标准下大学英语“自主学习”方式的若干思考

国家新一轮课程改革已经成功启动。这项改革从根本上改变了学生的学习方式，倡导一种新的学习方式，即自主学习、合作学习、探究学习的学习方式。文章主要就“自主学习”方式日前在大学英语教学中的运用及存在的一些问题作一些探索。     

学习型组织的内涵特征与构成要件

本文主要从学习型组织的内涵特征和构成要件出发,提出了学习型组织的构建模型。     

Learning about fiscal policy and the effects of policy uncertainty

In this paper we ask how uncertainty about fiscal policy affects the impact of fiscal policy changes on the economy when the government tries to counteract a deep recession. The agents in our model are uncertain about the conduct of fiscal policy and act as econometricians by estimating fiscal policy rules that might change over time.We find that assuming that agents are not instantaneously aware of the new fiscal policy regime in place leads to substantially more volatility in the short run and persistent differences in average outcomes. We highlight issues that can arise when a policymaker wants to announce a policy change. From a methodological perspective, we introduce a novel way to model learning in the face of discrete policy changes.     

Learning and coordination with dispersed information

We analyse adaptive learning in a model of incomplete and dispersed information, with externalities and strategic interactions. We build on the framework proposed by Angeletos and Pavan (2007a) and extend it to a dynamic multi-period setting where agents need to learn to coordinate. We derive conditions under which adaptive learning obtains in such setting and show that, when actions are strategic substitutes, the information structure affects the speed of convergence: while more precise private information is beneficial, better public information has negative effects. We also show that adaptive learning dynamics converge to the Bayesian Nash equilibrium, which means that agents can learn to act strategically by relying only on observable (exogenous) information.     

浅析消除高职学生英语学习障碍的对策

在课题研究中发现,高职学生在英语学习中存在着基础、习惯、方法、策略、心理、文化等方面的障碍,严重影响了他们的学习效率。而学生作为真正的人,在教育界没有得到应有的重视。只有从学生实际出发,采取相关对策,才能使其英语学习事半功倍。     

混合学习在教学中的作用初探

本文简要介绍了混合学习的内容,在此基础上又通过举例介绍了混合学习对教学的作用。通过简单地介绍,希望能使混合学习发挥其应有的作用,以便能为学生的教育献上一份微薄的力量。     

Fundamentalists vs. chartists: Learning and predictor choice dynamics

In a simple, forward looking univariate model of price determination we investigate the evolution of expectations dynamics in the presence of two types of agents: fundamentalists and chartists. In particular, we combine evolutionary selection among heterogeneous classes of models through predictor choice dynamics based on a logit model, with adaptive learning in the form of parameters updating within each class of rules. We find that, for different parameterizations, it can happen that fundamentalists drive chartists completely out of the market or vice versa, and also that heterogeneous equilibria in which fundamentalists and chartists coexist are possible. Interestingly, though, only equilibria in which fundamentalists outperform chartists turn out to be adaptively learnable by agents.     

合作学习构成要素及其动力机制

合作学习在教学中运用越来越广泛，但效果却不尽如人意。要想保证合作学习的有效运用，就应该满足群体成员间积极的相互依赖、面对面的交互作用、群体目标与个体责任的并存等基本要素，并在任务特点、群体构成、群体管理和结果评价等方面对学习过程进行规范。     

试论创建学习型企业的几个问题

当代最成功的企业是学习型企业 ,其唯一持久的竞争优势 ,源于比竞争对手学得更快、更好的能力。按照学习型理论的要求 ,创建学习型企业需要进行“五项修炼” ,只有搞好学习力的建设 ,才能使企业保持青春活力 ,使企业寿命得以延长。因此 ,发展企业教育是创建学习型企业的一项重要基础工作 ,而通过创建学习型企业 ,势必会促使企业教育改革向纵深发展。     

教学改革创新与学习型组织创建

教学改革中面对的常见问题包括参与者对教学改革目标的理解力问题、教学内容改革中师资配合问题、教学方法改革的适应力问题和教学改革的执行力问题。上述问题可以通过构建学习型组织来解决。学习型组织通过将教学改革目标与教师职业生涯规划有机结合来,调动参与者的积极性;通过组织成员开放式讨论,改变师生传统的思维模式;通过投入-实施-反馈-修正-再投入形成教学改革良性循环。学习型组织在教学改革中的成效,最终需要具备系统化思维的领导者来实现。     

行动学习与大学生创业教育探讨

初步分析了我国大学生创业及其创业教育的现状与特征,概括总结了行动学习的概念、内涵、方法、原理以及研究理论,在此基础上,应用经验学习循环和群体动力学理论方法,构建了基于行动学习的大学生创业教育双循环学习模型.为大学生创业及其创业教育提供了一点粗浅的新思路和方法.     

Learning about monetary policy rules when the cost-channel matters

We study how monetary policy may affect determinacy and expectational stability (E-stability) of rational expectations equilibrium when the cost channel of monetary policy matters. Focusing on instrumental Taylor-type rules and optimal target rules, we show that standard policies can induce indeterminacy and expectational instability when the cost channel is present. A naïve application of the traditional Taylor principle could be misleading, and expectations-based reaction function under discretion does not always induce determinate and E-stable equilibrium. This result contrasts with the findings of Bullard and Mitra [2002. Learning about monetary policy rules. Journal of Monetary Economics 49, 1105–1129] and Evans and Honkapohja [2003. Expectations and stability problem for optimal monetary policies. Review of Economic Studies 70, 807–824] for the standard new Keynesian model. The ability of the central bank to commit to an optimal policy is an antidote to these problems.     

Learning and communication in sender‐receiver games: an econometric investigation

This paper compares stimulus response (SR) and belief‐based learning (BBL) using data from experiments with sender–receiver games. The environment, extensive form games played in a population setting, is novel in the empirical literature on learning in games. Both the SR and BBL models fit the data reasonably well in games where the preferences of senders and receivers are perfectly aligned and where the population history of the senders is known. The test results accept SR and reject BBL in games without population history and in all but one of the games where senders and receivers have different preferences over equilibria. Estimation is challenging since the likelihood function is not globally concave and the data become uninformative about learning once equilibrium is achieved. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于建构理论的库存管理教学设计

在《现代物流管理》的教学中,库存管理的教学内容具有抽象性。本文以建构理论为基础对库存管理的教学进行了教学设计。提出了库存管理的教学设计思路,对教学设计中的重构课程结构、教学策略选择进行了重点分析。最后提出了在教学设计实施中应注意的问题。     

高校现代远程教育融资模式研究

互联网和教育是推动未来经济社会发展的两大核心动力,而现代远程教育作为两大核心动力的复合体,吸引了大量的社会资金进入相关领域。本文在分析高校现代远程教育发展趋势的基础上,就远程教育融资提出以政府投入为主、多渠道筹措的多元化教育融资模式。