发达国家战略性产业政策和贸易政策的理论思考和启示

发达国家实行的战略性产业政策和贸易政策的有关理论问题,在20世纪60年代矮70年代是它们增强国家的综合经济实力和处于国际领先地位的重要指标,这些理论对于我国产业政策制订和调整具有一定的启发价值。     

Vertical Specialization Across Developed Countries

This article explains why a large part of vertical specialization in production takes place across developed countries. By introducing the concept “the Ideal Intermediate Good” it is shown that there are incentives for vertical collaboration between an intermediate good producer and a final good producer. The purpose of locating the intermediate good production in an identical host country is to come closer to the most suitable intermediate good. Thereby the variable costs in the final good production are reduced. When the final good production takes place in one company, we have a vertical integrated multinational enterprise, which splits its production across identical countries. By inclusion of internal economies of scale and transport costs the problem becomes much more complex, and a reallocation of welfare between the countries can be the result.     

发达国家对发展中国家的新直接投资

发达国家投资厂商对发展中国家的直接投资已发生了很大变化,传统直接投资以投资者持有足够股权对投资项目保持有效控制的活动方式,新直接投资是以其他方式不同程度地参与控制,或只参与收益分享而不参与控制。新直接投资是由传统直接投资、间接融资、纯国际贸易相结合而形成的国际经济活动,反映了投资的实质性特征。     

21世纪的南北经济关系

本文以 ２１世纪为背景，回顾了南北经济关系在过去近半个世纪里的演变，并对当前发展中国家面临的困境作了分析，以此为基础强调建立国际经济新秩序的必要性和艰巨性。     

Entrepreneurship and Economic Development in Less Developed Countries

This essay seeks to uncover the distinguishingfeatures of small firms in Victorian Britain, and looks at the role of the family in the creation and survival of firms in what was a dangerously volatile business world characterised by low business morality. Based on a series of case studies, it suggests that although second and third generation firms were uncommon, the family played a critical if often informal role in maintaining stability and generating an environment of trust, and in those situations where family partnerships and inter-generational succession did exist, the characteristics of ownership and succession at the level of the smaller firm appear to have stimulated rather than prevented innovation and growth. Different types of family firm and family contribution are examined, and the latter part of the essay looks at family firm networks and entrepreneurial strategies such as market internalisation within a family network.     

西方发达国家人力资源管理的特点及其启示

文章从美国、日本以及西欧发达国家的人力资源管理入手，分析了他们的不同管理特点。针对不同特点，结合我国的实际情况，提出了人力资源管理改革的方向。以期为我国的人力资源管理提供一些科学合理的建设性意见。     

Strategy Development for Manufactured Exports of Third World Countries to Developed Countries

This paper addresses the problem of developing consumer patronage in high income markets for the autonomous manufactured exports of third world countries. Specifically, the focus is on overcoming consumer bias in high income markets against products of third world origin. Such bias exists; it has been established and tested in a twenty-year stream of research. This paper extends that research and, more importantly, for the first time sets the problem in a real world, managerial context. The research presents an illustrative, hypothetical case, somewhat simplified but realistic. A new Mexican microwave oven is introduced into the U.S. market and positioned against competing U.S. brands. A multifactored marketing strategy is built from several levels of three strategic factors: price, warranty, and endorsement. The findings are promising and establish the following: (1) the power of the different strategic elements against consumer bias varies significantly, (2) the power of different multifactored strategies varies significantly, and (3) some multifactored strategies prove effective in overcoming consumer bias establishing position against U.S. brands.     

发达国家食品安全监管体系及其启示

食品安全是关系到人们生命健康的重要问题,近期“毒奶粉”、“瘦肉精”、“地沟油”、“彩色馒头”等恶性事件频发暴露出我国食品安全监管体系中存在的严重漏洞。本文对发达国家食品监管体系的特点以及在该领域的成功经验进行了分析,对我国食品安全监管体系存在的问题进行了归纳,并提出了建设我国食品安全监管体系的具体思路。     

Agricultural Liberalisation and the Least Developed Countries: Six Fallacies

Today, agriculture remains the most distorted sector of the world economy. Therefore, agricultural liberalisation in the Doha negotiations is rightly the top priority. But the public‐policy discourse on the subject remains fogged by a number of fallacies. These fallacies probably originated with the leadership of the World Bank but have now been embraced by the IMF, OECD, Oxfam and the leading academic critics of globalisation. The paper identifies six fallacies and offers evidence and analysis to debunk them: (1) Agricultural border protection and subsidies are largely a developed‐country phenomenon. (2) Developed‐country agricultural subsidies and protection hurt the poorest developing countries most. (3) Developed‐country subsidies and protection hurt the poor, rural households in the poorest countries. (4) Developed‐country agricultural protection and subsidies constitute the principal barrier to the development of the poorest developing countries. (5) Agricultural protection reflects double standard and hypocrisy on the part of the developed countries. (6) What the donor countries give with one hand (aid), they take away with the other (farm subsidies).     

普惠制的死亡?——论发达国家普惠制安排的附条件性

在WTO框架内,普惠制项下的关税优惠待遇增加了发展中国家出口产品的市场准入机会,但某些发达成员方在其普惠制方案中不合法地规定了受惠国应满足的条件,这损害了普惠制的有效性和价值。WTO争端解决机构未能及时认定附条件的普惠制安排的违法性,这必将给正常的国际贸易关系以及WTO多边贸易体制带来消极影响。当前有关普惠制的WTO法律制度急需变革。     

发展中国家对发达国家产业内贸易分析

本文分析了发展中国家与发达国家的垂直型与水平型产业内贸易条件和机会.认为发展中国家与发达国家之间的垂直型产业内贸易仍是由要素禀赋差异引起的,依据劳动成本的比较优势和技术转移,发展中国家技术产品的贸易结构会不断上升,取得一种动态的比较利益;在一定条件下,发展中国家可以通过局部领域的高科技创新,超越要素禀赋分工基础,与发达国家进行水平型产业内贸易.文章指出,发展中国家应采取措施扶持国内高新技术产品的生产和出口,以期通过技术积累获取竞争优势,提升国际分工地位.     

发达国家政府财务信息披露对中国的借鉴与启示

政府财务信息披露是深化财政管理改革的重要方面.论文在分析国外政府财务信息披露的背景、主要方式、内容、法律规范和权责发生制的应用等方面的基础上,提出完善我国政府财务信息披露,应建立政府预算信息的充分、规范、定期的披露机制;建立政府财务报告制度,注重报告信息的可理解性;根据我国国情,审慎实行权责发生制会计基础.     

Aid and Trade Sustainability under Liberalisation in Least Developed Countries

This study investigates the effect of trade liberalisation on export growth, import growth, the trade balance and the current account of the balance of payments in 17 Least Developed Countries (LDCs) over the period 1970 to 2001. The paper also assesses the marginal relation between capital flows (e.g. aid flows) and import growth, and the trade balance and the current account of the balance of payments. The higher import growth contrasts with the more modest export growth following trade liberalisation and that has fundamental policy implications, especially for the balance of trade and the balance of payments. However, the financing and sustainability of the trade deficit in the reforming countries will depend not only on the outcome of trade liberalisation, but also on other macroeconomic policies, developments in the real exchange rate and the inflows of foreign capital.     

发达国家农业补贴不减反增

<正>经济合作与发展组织21日在日内瓦发布年度报告称,2004年该组织成员国的农业补贴较上一年增长 9%,达到2790亿美元,约占农业收入的30%。其中美国、欧盟国家以及其它一些发达国家对其农民的补贴达1120亿美元,同比增长12%；此外,以关税和其它贸易限制形式的农业援助达1670亿美元。大米是享受补贴最多的农产品,其次是糖、牛奶、粮食、羊肉和牛肉。在经合组织30个成员国中,只有澳大利亚和新西兰的农业补贴率(农业补贴与农业收入之比)低于5%,而瑞士的农业补贴率竟高达71%。2004年,美国和加拿大对本国农民的补贴分别为460亿和57亿美元,补贴率为18%和21%。     

21世纪发达国家间相互直接投资趋势分析

经济全球化的一个重要体现就是国际直接投资活动的扩大,发达国家是国际直接投资的主体,美国、欧盟和日本则是重中之重,本文通过研究认为,这三大经济体之间的相互直接投资在投资规模、投资方式和投资行业等方面突出体现了21世纪发达国家之间投资的特点和发展趋势。     

战略性贸易政策:发达国家与发展中国家的博弈

作为新贸易理论的主要内容之一,战略性贸易政策实质上是发达国家为自己的保护主义所寻求的借口和托词。它虽然在产业适用性和国家适用性方面设置了诸多限制,但印度软件业的发展是该政策得以在发展中国家成功实施的良好佐证。我国应该在市场培育、制度建设以及贸易政策与产业政策协调配合等方面进行强化,以利用战略性贸易政策来培育我国具有国际竞争力的产业。     

关于发展中国家对发达国家直接投资的一个注解

分析对外直接投资,一是要区分投资动机和投资能力,投资动机是出发点,投资能力是基础;二是要区分投资国与被投资国的类型,类型的不同使得投资动机和能力均有不同.本文首先在区分投资国与被投资国类型的基础上对文献中的投资动机和能力分别加以综述,并提出问题;然后,提出一个发展中国家向发达国家直接投资的简单动机--取得市场"领先者"地位,并对投资能力加以解释;最后,得出相关结论.     

发达国家税制改革的近期走向及其对我们的启示

本文对发达国家2000年以来的税制改革走向进行了实证分析,认为发达国家近年来的税收制度呈现出以下几个特点:宏观税负开始出现下降的趋势;资本的税负开始减轻;税制结构加速向间接税倾斜.还分析了发达国家近期税制改革的政策重心以及改革的主要措施,并就其对我国税制改革的借鉴意义进行了探讨.