法律·法规·政策

发改委：近期将规范商业银行收费;工信部：我国正大力推进食品行业诚信体系建设;环保部拟将提高环境污染经济处罚额度     

探讨交通拥挤收费理论及其在我国应用

近几年,交通拥挤成为我国大城市面临的突出问题。拥挤收费是现代城市交通管理的有效措施之一,它通过还原出行者的社会成本,体现道路资源的稀缺性,调节人们的出行方式和时间,从而缓解交通拥挤。本文从我国实际出发,借鉴国外经验,探讨交通拥挤的治理政策。     

中国家庭育儿成本（1988—2018）：基于边际成本法的货币支出

育儿成本是影响家庭生育率的重要因素，为了衡量我国家庭的育儿负担及其变化情况，文章采用边际成本法，利用多源数据构建时间序列数据，估算了我国家庭在不同时期育儿的货币成本。实证结果表明子女数量越多的家庭在养育子女时面临的经济负担也会越大。从全样本的估计结果来看，家庭在养育子女时，随着子女数量的增加，消费总支出存在规模经济；而在具体的消费项目上既存在规模经济，也存在规模不经济。就家庭在具体消费项目上的育儿成本而言，与无子女家庭相比，食品、居住和教育是有子女家庭在养育子女时额外支出额度位列前三位的消费项目。从1988—2018年分年度的估计结果来看，家庭养育第一个子女的边际成本在波动中呈现出稳步上升的趋势；且食品、教育和居住始终是家庭在养育子女时支出额度位列前三位的消费项目，家庭养育子女的边际成本结构在较长的时间段内未出现大的变动。     

理性信用卡消费几个问题要看清

随着我国信用卡发量的快速增长,信用卡消费金额激增,刷卡消费已成为现代人的一种生活习惯。如何正确和理性地使用信用卡消费是我们眼前要解决的问题。本文在介绍信用卡功能与优点的基础上,提出信用卡消费中要看清够用为度、认请心理账户、区分信用额度与消费实力、正确计算免息还款期和发现信用卡里的收费陷阱五个问题。     

高等教育收费与拉动消费关系的探讨

近年来，有专家提出将教育产业化作为拉动消费的一项重要举措，各大高校纷纷“应市场所需”，扩大招生规模，大幅提高收费标准。但是目前高等教育收费水平对扩大消费、拉动内需是否确实有促进作用，值得进一步商榷，至少在一定程度上，过高的收费水平对消费的拉动会适得其反，而且可能会带来经济、社会等多方面的问题。     

城市交通拥挤收费分析

首先通过经济学分析对拥挤收费的根源进行了分析,在此基础之上,对拥挤收费三类不同更使用者的影响进行了剖析,并就收费公路现有未深入研究的难点进行说明,之后通过新加坡收费经验以及新加坡与英国收费技术的借鉴,对我国拥挤收费提出了相应的应对措施。     

城市交通拥挤收费分析

首先通过经济学分析对拥挤收费的根源进行了分析，在此基础之上，对拥挤收费三类不同更使用者的影响进行了剖析，并就收费公路现有未深入研究的难点进行说明，之后通过新加坡收费经验以及新加坡与英国收费技术的借鉴，对我国拥挤收费提出了相应的应对措施。     

非沪牌私车对上海私车拍卖政策及交通影响

上海市私车额度拍卖政策自施行以来便饱受争议,有人认为其限制了私车的增长量,缓解了交通拥挤的现状,也有人认为其催生了非沪牌车辆在沪的增长,造成了管理混乱,交通更为拥挤的情况。以外地牌照进沪对上海市私车额度拍卖以及城市交通的影响为核心,就选择两种牌照的原因、其相互关系和未来发展趋势进行分析。     

城市交通拥挤收费原理分析

探讨了拥挤状况下用户出行成本的构成与变化规律.在明确边际用户平均出行成本和边际用户社会成本等概念的基础上,考察了它们之间的相互关系及其随交通流量变化的趋势,图解分析了拥挤收费的原理与本质.     

论闲暇消费对社会再生产的促进作用

伴随社会生产力的迅速发展和劳动生产率的不断提高,人们的闲暇时间日渐增多,闲暇消费在社会再生产中的地位和作用日益重要和突出。当前,怎样在理论上正确认识闲暇消费对社会再生产的促进作用,以及如何引导人们充分合理地利用闲暇时间,从而最大限度地提高闲暇消费效益,正日益成为社会主义消费经济学紧迫而重要的研究课题。     

Information Disclosure and Consumer Credit Knowledge: A Longitudinal Analysis

Early evaluations of Truth-in-Lending have observed impressive gains in consumer knowledge about interest rates. Contrary to original goals, consumers with more education, income, and debt experience have benefited far more than low-income and minority consumers. How will these results change over time as consumers gain credit experience with the aid of disclosure? Has disclosure improved consumer understanding about finance charges, and what factors beyond socio-economic status might have enhanced consumer knowledge of credit terms? These questions are addressed in this report of a large sample of California households surveyed at two points in time. The longitudinal analysis shows individual changes in knowledge, the effects of credit experience on learning, and a projection of future levels of credit knowledge.     

区域商贸流通发展与公路交通水平计量分析

基于灰色关联模型的计量分析,发现地区商贸流通业发展与公路交通基础设施水平具有较强的关联性:在公路里程、公路客运量、公路货运量和民用汽车拥有量中,民用汽车拥有量是最重要的影响因素,公路货运量次之;在社会消费品零售总额、市的零售额、县的零售额、县以下的零售额、批发和零售业零售额、住宿和餐饮业零售额中,公路交通基础设施对县以下的零售额的影响程度最大,对批发和零售业零售额的影响程度次之。     

Consumer Knowledge and Understanding of Consumer Credit

Much has recently been written about the desirability of restrictive usury laws. While low maximum rates may prevent excessive charges to some, they also limit the ability of high-risk persons to borrow. Therefore, if consumers have a sufficient understanding of the credit market to realize what they are paying for and how much they are paying when they borrow, a case can be made against low maximum finance rates. This article reports on a nationwide study designed to measure consumer knowledge and understanding of consumer credit. The results are that while consumers can generally rank lenders correctly in terms of cost, there are serious gaps in their knowledge of the credit market. Education and income are the key determinants of knowledge and understanding of consumer credit.     

The role of materialism,religiosity, and demographics in subjective well-being

In appealing to consumers, marketers need to know what the good life means across various consumer segments. The present study seeks to deepen the understanding of consumer subjective well-being (SWB) by exploring its relationship with selected secular and sacred values. SWB, defined as individuals' cognitive and affective assessments regarding their life satisfaction (Diener, 1984), is treated as the dependent variable in investigating how SWB is influenced by individual consumer materialistic attitudes (a secular value), religiosity (a sacred value), and demographics. Significant differences between high and low religiosity consumers regarding the role of income and materialistic attitudes in predicting SWB were found. Although income and some aspects of materialism are positively related to the SWB of low religiosity consumers, these variables are negatively related to the SWB of high religiosity consumers. This study implies that marketers might benefit from considering consumer religiosity as a segmentation and targeting direction in the design of materialistic positionings and communications. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Factors Influencing Consumption of New Food Products and Specialty Meat

Results from a consumer survey of households in Louisiana and Texas suggest that socioeconomic factors affect consumption decisions on new food products, quail, alligator, or deer meat. Specifically, consumption of, or interest in consuming new food products are statistically associated with marital status, age, education, household size and income, race, religon, and occupation. The above-referenced socio-economic characteristics are all statistically associated with consumption decisions on qualiy and alligator meat, except for marital status and household size. Race and occupation are statistically associated with the consumption of, or interest in consuming deer meat.     

中国流转税税负归宿分析

本文运用可计算一般均衡模型,计算我国流转税税负在不同收入水平人群之间的归宿。模型中根据我国的二元经济结构,把城镇居民按收入水平分为7组、农村居民分为5组,运用一般均衡原理,分析流转税税收负担在各组居民之间的分布,再把每组居民承担的税负与可支配收入对比,计算我国流转税体系的具体累退程度。根据我国整个税收制度的设计特点,解释流转税体系累退性的原因,并为完善税制公平功能提出建议。     

Policy and practice in Germany

Abstract: In Germany, EU directives have been the primary source of consumer protection legislation in banking and financial services, especially legislation on consumer credit and investment services. Otherwise, there is little significant statute law, either at federal or provincial (Länder) level, apart from a recent Consumer Bankruptcy Law. Most consumer problems have to be solved within the framework of the very general Civil Code or the law on unfair contract terms. This means that there is strong emphasis on the role of the courts in interpreting the law in specific cases. In recent years consumer organizations have played an important part in bringing class action cases in the courts – notably on issues concerned with value dating, bank charges and the early termination of mortgage and insurance contracts. There is virtually no tradition of securing consumer protection through codes of conduct. Banking ombudsman schemes have been set up in recent years, but are subject to some criticisms by consumer organizations.     

Consumer Credit Use by Low Income Consumers Who Have Had a Consumer Education Course: An Exploratory Study

This research examines the use of bank credit cards by forty-eight low income persons who successfully completed a consumer education course. Data for a twelve-month period showed participants undertaking relatively high credit obligations in relation to repayment capabilities. Banking affiliation and knowledge concerning credit card accounts were significant in explaining variance in credit behavior. The findings suggest it may be useful to identify additional variables beyond those now used for evaluating credit risks among low income people.     

湖北省城乡居民收入偏低的结构性原因及调整

人均收入偏低构成当前湖北省提高消费支出比重和转变经济发展方式的＂瓶颈＂。基于经济结构决定就业结构进而决定收入水平的逻辑,湖北省城乡居民收入偏低的结构性原因在于：创业环境不佳造成了创业和就业的畸轻畸重;产业结构偏重工业化制约了社会就业总量扩大;所有制结构偏国有制拉大了部门间的工资差距;城镇化水平不高阻碍了城乡居民的收入协调增长。因此,提高湖北省城乡居民收入需要进一步调整经济结构：营造良好的创业环境,提高经营性收入比重;调整产业结构,提高非重工业部门的就业总量;调整所有制结构,提高非国有部门的工资水平;发展农业产业化经营,提高农民经营性收入;消除城镇化的体制和政策障碍,提高城镇化水平。     

An examination of the values that motivate socially conscious and frugal consumer behaviours

This article extends social psychological research on the motivations for sustainable consumption from the predominant domain of ecologically conscious consumer behaviour to socially conscious and frugal consumer behaviours. A UK‐based survey study examines relationships between socially conscious and frugal consumer behaviours and Schwartz's value types, personal and socio‐political materialism, and demographics among the general public. Socially conscious consumer behaviour, like its ecological counterpart, appears to be an expression of pro‐social values. In contrast, frugal consumer behaviour relates primarily to low personal materialism and income constraints. As such, it does not yet represent a fully developed moral challenge to consumerism.